Sonnys Blues Essay -- James Baldwin

Discuss place and how James Baldwin uses elements of setting to convey Sonnys Blues larger message or theme.Establishing and maintaining a authoritative identity mostly depends on the setting. The setting allows us to analyze someone at a deeper level. Considering the time, place and the circumstances around under which they oppose allows us to explore them and determine their identity. In the short story Sonnys Blues, James Baldwin conveys the message of how one goes about establishing and maintaining their identity on different levels by using elements of setting. The author uses elements of setting several times to convey the message but some of the prominent uses are the legions service, spiritedness in Harlem and especially the use of darkness. The soldiers service plays an important role in the evolving of the narrators identity as it helps him gain respect and be recognized by the neighborhood, something that Sonny yearns for. Growing up in Harlem is the most important s etting because the brothers endured several hardships in Harlem, which allowed them to establish and maintain a certain identity. The use of darkness is important because darkness signifies drugs and violence therefore if someone were seen in the dark, would be given an apathetic identity.The time spend in the military service helps the narrator establish personal characteristics which enable him to understand the world around him and be more successful in life. Being in the military has given him th...

How I was Introduced to Ansel Adams :: Photography Photographers Artists Essays

How I was Introduced to Ansel AdamsAnsel Adams was more than just an artist he was environmentalist and a photographer. Adams was born February 20th, 1902 in San Francisco California. This is where I was born before I moved to Andover Massachusettss. I was too young to appreciate his work then, but when I went back a few summers ago to visit my sister in San Francisco, all I saw at the tourists sites was Ansels photographs of the Golden Gate Bridge. I remember it like it was yesterday looking at this photograph of Ansels, the picture is in black and white, and it looks as if the sun is setting, just about 6p.m. I couldnt believe how real this picture looked to me, I knew I had to buy it, and it is still up on my wall to this day. Ansel took photographs so expressively, you felt like you were right thither with him. Before Ansels photographs, I really had no appreciation for nature or how people could spend sixteen hours a day to capture wiz photograph that was perfect. However, afte r I saw Ansels work it all made sense to me, that people were looking for the beauty in everything, even a bridge can move people and make them think of that moment in time. Adams eventually married a girl in California, named Charles Hitchcock Adams. Even when he was a child, Adams had an appreciation for nature. This was brought on because he lived with his grandparents who were extremely conservative. This caused Ansel to be very shy in the public arena and at school, and this played havoc with Ansels education. So as a solution, he received home schooling by his grandfather, and this is where Ansel found his love for the outdoors. His grandfather thought nature was a surplus thing and he wanted to share this knowledge of the outdoors with Ansel. This is the reason why he spends a good amount of time every grade at the Yosemite Sierra Park, leaving behind his beloved Golden Gate Bridge. He explored all different kinds of sceneries when he went to Yosemite, just so he could chi nk what nature had to offer.Early Life of Ansel AdamsAlso as a young boy he developed a great sense of music and was up to(p) to play the piano at the age of twelve. It was an impressive accomplishment because he was self taught.

10,000 Hour Tenacity in Outliers by Malcolm Gladwell Essay -- pattern o

The Beatles, Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, professional hockey players, and solo violinists all have one thing in common. Malcolm Gladwell, author of Outliers, is able to effectively link these contrasting parties together though his 10,000 Hour Rule. Gladwell states that, answer isnt the thing you do once youre good. Its the thing that makes you good (42). Using rhetorical devices, Gladwell effectively conveys how overall success can be spotted by historical, recurring patterns or events. Malcolm Gladwell has supported himself as a reputable author as well. Using supported statistics, easily illustrated patterns, and well known examples, Gladwell fulfills the logos appeal. Also, due to his very successful works The Boiling Point and Blink, Gladwell shows his credibility as an author. Gladwells main purpose is to teach his audience the pattern of success, and why some people did or did not succeed. This audience is consisted of those who want to succeed, and want to get as many possibil ities to reach their goal. Their main values are gaining success for themselves. Another possible audience is a group who enjoys statistics and patterns. These patterns show that around 10,000 of normal in an activity, the person becomes very proficient in that activity. Citing the Beatles, Bill Joy, and Bill Gates as his examples, Gladwell shows that practice can make perfect. Malcolm Gladwell states that to reach a direct of expertise, one must practice that activity for 10,000 hours. Using rhetorical devices, tone, and logos, Gladwell efficiently supports his claim of the 10,000 hour rule.Gladwells style of writing begins with explaining or presenting an example of somebody with success in a field. He then quickly refutes the commentator... ...a well defended argument, and was able to reinforce it well with factual evidence, rhetorical devices, and tone.Gladwell effectively uses rhetorical devices, tone, and factual evidence to support his claim of the 10,000 hour rule. Using rhetorical devices such as parallelism, facts and statistics (logos), and style of writing, Gladwell reinforces his idea of practice. Malcolm Gladwell uses his evidence to make a reader truly think about those who are successful as being hard workers, not just lucky. He illustrates how many well-known experts became legends in their field. This not only shows how software moguls and tycoons became wealthy or successful, but how the reader can as well by following the old piece of advice practice makes perfect.Works CitedGladwell, Malcolm. Outliers The Story of Success. New York Little, Brown and, 2008. ________Print

Societal Norms and Masturbation Essays -- Sociology, Sexuality

Societal norms greatly influence our views and attitudes concerning masturbation. In American society, psychological science Today says people tend to consider masturbation as a sexual refuge for singles who are looking to compensate for a miss of sex (Castleman) and gives others the impression that one who masturbates in subscript or incapable of having sexual relations. However, Castlemans article references a survey conducted by the University of Chicago that disputes this conjecture and suggests instead that a sexless relationship will suppress masturbation (Castleman). Historically, masturbation was thought to lead to serious medical side-effects however this is not the case. As to a greater extent and more doctors medically proved that masturbation is not physically harmful, others looked to support the idea that masturbation could possibly have positive health effects. Both of these factors lead to a greater normalization of masturbation today.Media plays a considerable role in our societys sexual education and views. Most commonly, the stigma that masturbation is an inferior or weak sexual act crosses our television and computer screens often. For example, both That 70s Show and Seinfeld suggest that those who give in or fail to be master of his domain (Chaney) are substandard to the rest of society.Physical evidence that masturbation and sexual pleasure are positive behaviors seems to be more evident like a shot than ever before. Not only is the act arousing, but serotonin and epinephrine course through your body (Daniels), increasing ones mood significantly. Also, many researchers point that people who masturbate have a heightened sense of what pleases them sexually, which often leads to a better intimacy with a partner (... ...t I introduce in their sessions. However, I am concerned that not all participants will be completely honest and candid because of the stigmas inherent in our society.Works CitedCastleman, Michael. All About Sex. 30 March 2009. Psychology Today. 1 February 2012.Chaney, Jen. Seinfeld, Four Its Real and Its Spectacular. 17 May 2005. The Washington Post. 2 February 2012.Daniels, Chris and Jes Levatter. Masturbation key to healthy, functional sexual relationships. 19 April 2007. The fluff Herald. 31 January 2012.Dolphin, Lambert. Masturbation And The Bible. 5 March 1991. 31 January 2012 .Wells, Ken R. Masturbation. 2006. Health Line. 2 February 2012 .

Nature: A Tool of Society Essay examples -- Natural Advertising Essays

Nature A Tool of SocietyWilliam Cronon says in the Epilogue of Natures Metropolis, Much as I say I love disposition that word usually remains an abstraction in my daily lifea non-urban quality of aesthetic or sacred salmon pink to be looked at and appreciated, not the gritty web of material connections that feed, clothe, shelter, and cleanse me and my community. (Cronon 384). This can be said for most of the population of urban areas. It is this ambiguous thought process of nature that makes us susceptible to others interpretations of nature. This susceptibility makes nature a powerful force in society. This is especially evident in advertisements, which shape nature into the image that is favorable to portray the product being advertised. The Sony advertisement from Esquire magazine is for the Wega flat screen television, and is a good example of how advertisements use nature to sell a product. This ad shows two very contrasting images, one of the black and white desert, and the other of the television set showing pictures of children playing in the water of a fire hydrant. The use of the television to frame the picture of the children shows very distinctly that these are two very separate and different images, because as Leonardo da Vinci said There are no lines in nature. In this ad through the use of colors, or the lack at that place of, this cultural icon is shown to be more favorable than the image of nature. The ad offers the viewer a sense of escape from the dull, monotone world outside by offering a more vibrant, playful world experienced through television. While the link between the images shown in the ad and the offer made by the advertisement seems very surreal, it is a natural link. The reasoning behind this link as being ... ...rural hinterland. We fool ourselves if we think we can choose between them, for the greenness lake and the orange cloud are creatures of the same landscape. We can only take tehm together and in making the journey be tween them, find a itinerary that does justice to them both (Cronon 385). According to Cronon the nature- agriculture dichotomy that we believe in is incorrect, because nature is just as much a part of culture as culture is a part of nature. Works CitedCronon, William - short selection from Epilogue, Natures Metropolis Norton 1991 pp. 384-5.Marlboro Lights. Esquire January 2001. back cover.Nash, Roderick - Old World Roots of Opinion, Ch 1 from Wilderness and the American Mind 1982 Yale Univ Press pp. 8-22.Sony Wega. Esquire declination 2000. pgs. 17-18.Timberland. Maxim December 2000. pg. Yahoo Email. Esquire January 2001.

Nature: A Tool of Society Essay examples -- Natural Advertising Essays

Nature A Tool of SocietyWilliam Cronon says in the Epilogue of Natures Metropolis, Much as I say I love nature that word usually remains an abstraction in my daily lifea non-urban quality of aesthetic or sacred beauty to be looked at and appreciated, not the gritty web of material connections that feed, clothe, shelter, and cleanse me and my community. (Cronon 384). This jakes be said for most of the universe of discourse of urban areas. It is this ambiguous view of nature that makes us susceptible to others interpretations of nature. This susceptibility makes nature a powerful force in society. This is specially evident in advertisements, which mold nature into the image that is favorable to portray the product being advertised. The Sony advertisement from Esquire magazine is for the Wega flat screen television, and is a strong example of how advertisements work nature to sell a product. This ad shows two very(prenominal) contrasting images, one of the black and white desert, and the other of the television piece showing pictures of children playing in the water of a fire hydrant. The use of the television to frame the picture of the children shows very distinctly that these are two very separate and different images, because as Leonardo da Vinci said There are no lines in nature. In this ad through the use of colors, or the lack there of, this cultural icon is shown to be more favorable than the image of nature. The ad offers the viewer a sense of escape from the dull, decreasing monotonic world outside by offering a more vibrant, playful world experienced through television. While the link in the midst of the images shown in the ad and the offer made by the advertisement seems very surreal, it is a natural link. The reasoning behind this link as being ... ...rural hinterland. We fool ourselves if we think we can choose between them, for the green lake and the orange cloud are creatures of the same landscape. We can only take tehm together and in m aking the journey between them, find a way that does justice to them both (Cronon 385). According to Cronon the nature-culture dichotomy that we believe in is incorrect, because nature is just as much a authority of culture as culture is a part of nature. Works CitedCronon, William - short selection from Epilogue, Natures Metropolis Norton 1991 pp. 384-5.Marlboro Lights. Esquire January 2001. back cover.Nash, Roderick - Old World Roots of Opinion, Ch 1 from Wilderness and the American Mind 1982 Yale Univ Press pp. 8-22.Sony Wega. Esquire December 2000. pgs. 17-18.Timberland. Maxim December 2000. pg. Yahoo Email. Esquire January 2001.

Edexcel Maths Fp2 Paper

stem Reference(s) 6667 Edexcel GCE Further Pure math FP1 Advanced Level s antiophthalmic factorle Paper Time 1 hour 30 minutes Materials required for examination Answer Book (AB16) Graph Paper (ASG2) Mathematical Formulae (Lilac) Items included with mis braggy papers Nil Candidates may workout any calculator EXCEPT those with the facility for symbolic algebra, differentiation and/or integration. Thus candidates may NOT use calculators such as the Texas Instruments TI-89, TI-92, Casio CFX-9970G, Hewlett Packard HP 48G.Instructions to Candidates In the boxes on the answer book, write the name of the examining body (Edexcel), your tenderness number, com/geo-sba-cxc/ class=ilgencandidate number, the unit title (Further Pure math FP1), the paper acknowledgement (6667), your surname, initials and signature. When a calculator is used, the answer should be given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. Information for Candidates A booklet Mathematical Formulae and Statistical Tables i s provided. effective marks may be obtained for answers to ALL questions. This paper has eight questions. Advice to Candidates You must ensure that your answers to parts of questions argon all the way labelled.You must show sufficient functional to make your methods clear to the Examiner. Answers without work may gain no credit. This publication may only be reproduced in accordance with capital of the United Kingdom Qualifications Limited right of first publication policy. Edexcel Foundation is a registered charity. 2003 London Qualifications Limited 1. Prove that a (r r =1 n 2 r -1 = ) 1 (n 2)n(n + 2) . 3 (5) 2. 1 f ( x ) = ln x 1 . x (a) target that the root a of the equivalence f(x) = 0 lies in the interval 3 &lt a &lt 4 . (2) (b) Taking 3. 6 as your starting value, apply the Newton-Raphson procedure once to f(x) to obtain a second approximation to a.Give your answer to 4 denary places. (5) 3. a furrow the set of values of x for which 1 x &gt . x -3 x -2 (7) 4. f ( x ) ? 2 x 3 5 x 2 + px 5, p I ?. The equation f (x) = 0 has (1 2i) as a root. Solve the equation and determine the value of p. (7) 5. (a) suffer the general solution of the differential equation dS 0. 1S = t. dt (6) (b) The differential equation in part (a) is used to model the assets, ? S million, of a bank t years after(prenominal) it was set up. Given that the initial assets of the bank were ? 200 million, use your answer to part (a) to estimate, to the nearest ? illion, the assets of the bank 10 years after it was set up. (4) 2 6. The nose C has polar equation r 2 = a 2 cos lettuce 2q , -p p ? q ? . 4 4 (a) outline the curve C. (2) (b)Find the polar coordinates of the sends where topazgents to C are parallel to the initial line. (6) (c) Find the compass of the region bounded by C. (4) 7. Given that z = -3 + 4i and zw = -14 + 2i, find (a) w in the form p + iq where p and q are real, (4) (b) the modulus of z and the argument of z in radians to 2 decimal places ( 4) (c) the values of the real constants m and n such that mz + nzw = -10 20i . (5) 3 Turn over 8. (a) Given that x = e t , show that (i) y dy = e -t , dx dt 2 dy o d2 y 2t ? d y c 2 ?. =e c 2 dt ? dx o e dt (ii) (5) (b) Use you answers to part (a) to show that the permutation x = e t transforms the differential equation d2 y dy x 2 2 2x + 2y = x3 dx dx into d2 y dy 3 + 2 y = e 3t . 2 dt dt (3) (c) hence find the general solution of x2 d2 y dy 2x + 2y = x3. 2 dx dx (6) END 4 Paper Reference(s) 6668 Edexcel GCE Further Pure Mathematics FP2 Advanced Level Specimen Paper Time 1 hour 30 minutes Materials required for examination Answer Book (AB16) Graph Paper (ASG2) Mathematical Formulae (Lilac) Items included with question papers NilCandidates may use any calculator EXCEPT those with the facility for symbolic algebra, differentiation and/or integration. Thus candidates may NOT use calculators such as the Texas Instruments TI 89, TI 92, Casio CFX-9970G, Hewlett Packard HP 48G. In structions to Candidates In the boxes on the answer book, write the name of the examining body (Edexcel), your centre number, candidate number, the unit title (Further Pure Mathematics FP2), the paper reference (6668), your surname, initials and signature. When a calculator is used, the answer should be given to an appropriate degree of accuracy.Information for Candidates A booklet Mathematical Formulae and Statistical Tables is provided. Full marks may be obtained for answers to ALL questions. This paper has eight questions. Advice to Candidates You must ensure that your answers to parts of questions are clearly labelled. You must show sufficient working to make your methods clear to the Examiner. Answers without working may gain no credit. This publication may only be reproduced in accordance with London Qualifications Limited copyright policy. Edexcel Foundation is a registered charity. 2003 London Qualifications Limited 1.The displacement x of a particle from a fixed dot O at t ime t is given by x = blurt outh t. 4 At time T the displacement x = . 3 (a) Find blackjack oak T . (2) (b) Hence find e T and T. (3) 2. Given that y = arc blaze x prove that (a) dy = dx (1 x ) 2 1 , (3) (b) (1 x 2 ) d2 y dy -x = 0. 2 dx dx (4) Figure 1 3. y P(x, y) s A y O x Figure 1 shows the curve C with equation y = cosh x. The tangent at P makes an angle y with the x-axis and the arc length from A(0, 1) to P(x, y) is s. (a) Show that s = blazeh x. (3) (a) By considering the slope of the tangent at P show that the intrinsic equation of C is s = tan y. 2) (c) Find the radius of curvature r at the point where y = p . 4 (3) S 4. I n = o x n inferno x dx. p 2 0 (a) Show that for n ? 2 ?p o I n = nc ? e 2o n -1 n(n 1)I n 2 . (4) (4) (b) Hence obtain I 3 , giving your answers in terms of p. 5. (a) Find ? v(x2 + 4) dx. (7) The curve C has equation y 2 x 2 = 4. (b) Use your answer to part (a) to find the body politic of the finite region bounded by C, the unequivocal x-axis, the positive y-axis and the line x = 2, giving your answer in the form p + ln q where p and q are constants to be found. (4) Figure 2 6. y O 2pa x The parametric equations of the curve C shown in Fig. are x = a(t sliminess t ), y = a(1 cos t ), 0 ? t ? 2p . (a) Find, by using integration, the length of C. (6) The curve C is rotated through 2p about Ox. (b) Find the surface area of the solid generated. (5) 7 7. (a) Using the definitions of sinh x and cosh x in terms of exponential functions, express tanh x in terms of e x and e x . (1) (b) Sketch the graph of y = tanh x. (2) 1 ? 1 + x o lnc ?. 2 e1 x o (c) Prove that artanh x = (4) (d) Hence obtain d (artanh x) and use integration by parts to show that dx o artanh x dx = x artanh x + 1 ln 1 x 2 + constant. 2 ( ) (5) 8.The hyperbola C has equation x2 y2 = 1. a2 b2 (a) Show that an equation of the normal to C at P(a sec q , b tan q ) is by + ax sin q = a 2 + b 2 tan q . (6) ( ) The normal at P cuts the coordinate axes at A and B . The mid-point of AB is M. (b) Find, in cartesian form, an equation of the venue of M as q varies. (7) END U Paper Reference(s) 6669 Edexcel GCE Further Pure Mathematics FP3 Advanced Level Specimen Paper Time 1 hour 30 minutes Materials required for examination Answer Book (AB16) Graph Paper (ASG2) Mathematical Formulae (Lilac) Items included with question papers NilCandidates may use any calculator EXCEPT those with the facility for symbolic algebra, differentiation and/or integration. Thus candidates may NOT use calculators such as the Texas Instruments TI 89, TI 92, Casio CFX 9970G, Hewlett Packard HP 48G. Instructions to Candidates In the boxes on the answer book, write the name of the examining body (Edexcel), your centre number, candidate number, the unit title (Further Pure Mathematics FP3), the paper reference (6669), your surname, initials and signature. When a calculator is used, the answer should be given to an appropriate degree of accuracy.Information for Candidates A booklet Mathematical Formulae and Statistical Tables is provided. Full marks may be obtained for answers to ALL questions. This paper has eight questions. Advice to Candidates You must ensure that your answers to parts of questions are clearly labelled. You must show sufficient working to make your methods clear to the Examiner. Answers without working may gain no credit. This publication may only be reproduced in accordance with London Qualifications Limited copyright policy. Edexcel Foundation is a registered charity. 2003 London Qualifications Limited 1. y = x 2 y, y = 1 at x = 0 . dx y y0 ? dy o Use the approximation c ? 1 with a step length of 0. 1 to estimate the values of y h e dx o 0 at x = 0. 1 and x = 0. 2, giving your answers to 2 significant figures. (6) 2. (a) Show that the transformation w= z -i z +1 maps the circle z = 1 in the z-plane to the line w 1 = w + i in the w-plane. (4) The region z ? 1 in the z-plane is mapped to the region R in the w-plane. (b) Shade t he region R on an Argand diagram. (2) 3. Prove by induction that, all integers n, n ? 1 , ar &gt 2 n r =1 n 1 2 . (7) 4. dy d2 y dy +y = x, y = 0, = 2 at x = 1. 2 dx dx dxFind a series solution of the differential equation in ascending powers of (x 1) up to and including the term in (x 1)3. (7) 5. ? 7 6o A=c c 6 2? . ? e o (a) Find the eigenvalues of A. (4) (a) hold back the corresponding normalised eigenvectors. (6) NM 6. The points A, B, C, and D have position vectors a = 2i + k , b = i + 3j, c = i + 3 j + 2k , d = 4 j + k respectively. (a) Find AB ? AC and hence find the area of triangle ABC. (7) (b) Find the volume of the tetrahedron ABCD. (2) (c) Find the perpendicular distance of D from the plane containing A, B and C. (3) 7. ? 1 x 1o c ? 5 A( x) = c 3 0 2 ? , x ? 2 c1 1 0 ? e o (a) Calculate the inverse of A(x). (8) ? 1 3 1o c ? B = c3 0 2 ? . c1 1 0 ? e o ? po c ? The image of the vector c q ? when transformed by B is cr? e o (b) Find the values of p, q and r. (4) ? 2o c ? c 3? . c 4? e o 11 8. (a) Given that z = e iq , show that zp + 1 = 2 cos pq , zp where p is a positive integer. (2) (b) Given that cos 4 q = A cos 4q + B cos 2q + C , find the values of the constants A, B and C. (7) The region R bounded by the curve with equation y = cos 2 x, rotated through 2p about the x-axis. (c) Find the volume of the solid generated. (6) p p ? x ? , and the x-axis is 2 2END NO EDEXCEL and double-dyed(a) mathematics FP1 (6667) SPECIMEN radical MARK contrivance Question number 1. proposal mark M1 B1 a (r r =1 n 2 r -1 = a r2 a r a1 r =1 r =1 r =1 ) n n n ? n o c a1 = n ? e r =1 o = = = n (n + 1)(2n + 1) ? 1 on(n + 1) n c ? 6 e 2o n 2n 2 8 6 M1 A1 A1 (5) (5 marks) 1 n(n 2 )(n + 2 ) 3 2. (a) f ( x) = ln x 1 1 x f (3) = ln 3 1 1 = -0. 2347 3 f (4) = ln 4 1 1 = 0. 1363 4 f (3) and f (4) are of opposite sign and so f ( x ) has root in (3, 4) (b) x 0 = 3. 6 f ? (x ) = 1 1 + x x2 M1 A1 (2) M1 A1 f ? (3. 6 ) = 0. 354 381 f (3. 6) = 0. 003 156 04 Root 3. f (3. 6) f ? (3. 6) M1 A1 ft A1 (5) (7 marks) 3. 5911 13 EDEXCEL hike up PURE MATHEMATICS FP1 (6667) SPECIMEN idea MARK abstract Question number 3. final cause x x x 2 3x + 3 1 1 &gt ? &gt0 ? &gt0 x-3 x-2 x-3 x-2 (x 3)(x 2 ) Marks M1 A1 B1 B1 Numerator always positive Critical points of denominator x = 2, x = 3 x &lt 2 den = (- ve)(- ve) = + ve 2 &lt x &lt 3 den = (- ve)(+ ve) = ve 3 &lt x den = (+ ve)(+ ve) = + ve M1 A1 A1 (7) (7 marks) Set of values x &lt 2 and x &gt 3 x x &lt 2 E x x &gt 3 4. If 1 2i is a root, then so is 1 + 2i B1 M1 A1 M1 A1 ft A1 A1 (7) x 1 + 2i )(x 1 2i ) are factors of f(x) so x 2 2 x + 5 is a factor of f (x) f ( x ) = x 2 2 x + 5 (2 x 1) Third root is 1 2 ( ) and p = 12 (7 marks) 5. (a) dS (0. 1)S = t dt ( 0. 1)dt Integrating factor e o = e -(0. 1)t M1 d Se (0. 1)t = te (0. 1)t dt Se (0. 1)t = o te (0. 1)t dt = -10te (0. 1)t 100e (0. 1)t + C A1 A1 M1 A1 A1 (6) S = Ce (0. 1)t 10t 100 (b) S = 200 at t = 0 ? 200 = C 100 i. e. C = 300 S = 300e (0. 1)t 10t 100 M1 A1 At t = 10, S = 300e 100 100 = 615. 484 55 M1 A1 ft (4) (10 marks) Assets ? 615 million NQ EDEXCEL FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS FP1 (6667)SPECIMEN subject MARK SCHEME Question number 6. (a) l Scheme Marks q B1 (Shape) B1 (Labels) (2) (b) Tangent parallel to initial line when y = r sin q is stationary Consider therefore d 2 a cos 2q sin 2 q dq ( ) M1 A1 = -2 sin 2q sin 2 q + cos 2q (2 sin q cos q ) =0 2 sin q cos 2q cos q sin 2q sin q = 0 sin q ? 0 ? cos 3q = 0 ? q = p -p or 6 6 M1 A1 o ? ? o ? 1 p o? 1 -p Coordinates of the points c c a, ? c a, ? c 6 6 oe 2 e 2 A1 A1 (6) 1 o4 2 1 2o4 (c) Area = o r dq = a o cos 2q dq 2 o -p 2 o -p 4 4 p p M1 A1 a2 a2 1 2 e sin 2q u = a e = 1 (- 1) = 2 e 2 u -4p 4 2 u p 4 M1 A1 (4) (12 marks) 15EDEXCEL FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS FP1 (6667) SPECIMEN PAPER MARK SCHEME Question number 7. (a) z = -3 + 4i, zw = -14 + 2i Scheme Marks w= = = 14 + 2i (- 14 + 2i )(- 3 4i ) = (- 3 + 4i )(- 3 4i ) 3 + 4i M1 A1 A1 A1 M1 A1 M1 A1 M1 A1 A1 M1 A1 (5) (13 marks) (4) (42 + 8) + i(- 6 + 56) 9 + 16 50 + 50i = 2 + 2i 25 (4) (b) z = (3 2 + 42 = 5 4 = 2. 21 3 ) arg z = p arctan (c) Equating real and imaginary parts 3m + 14n = 10, 4m + 2n = -20 Solving to obtain m = -6, n = 2 NS EDEXCEL FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS FP1 (6667) SPECIMEN PAPER MARK SCHEME Question number 8. (a)(i) x = et , dy dy dy dt = = e -t dt dx dt dxScheme Marks M1 A1 ? dx t o c =e ? e dt o (ii) d 2 y dt d e t dy u e = dt u dx 2 dx dt e u e M1 e dy d2 yu = e t e e -t + e -t 2 u dt dt u e e d 2 y dy u = e 2t e 2 u dt u e dt (b) x2 2t A1 A1 (5) d2 y dy 2x + 2y = x3 2 dx dx 2t e e e d 2 y dy u t t dy + 2 y = e 3t e 2 u, 2e e dt u dt e dt M1 A1, A1 (3) d2 y dy 3 + 2 y = e 3t 2 dt dt (c) adjunct equation m 2 3m + 2 = 0 (m 1)(m 2) = 0 Complementary function y = Ae t + Be 2t e 3t 1 Particular intrinsical = 2 = e 3t 3 (3 ? 3) + 2 2 General solution y = Ae t + Be 2t + 1 e 3t 2 = Ax + Bx 2 + 1 x 3 2 M1 A1 M1 A1 M1 A1 ft 6) (14 marks) 17 EDEXCEL FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS FP2 (6668) SPECIMEN PAPER MARK SCHEME Question topic 1. cosh 2 T = 1 + sinh 2 T = 1 + 16 25 = 9 9 Scheme Marks M1 A1 (2) M1 A1 A1 ft (3) cosh T = 5 5 = since cosh T &gt 1 3 3 4 5 + =3 3 3 e T = cosh T + sinh T = Hence T = ln 3 2. (5 marks) (a) y = arcsin x ? sin y = x M1 cos y dy =1 dx dy 1 1 = = dx cos y 1- x2 M1 A1 (3) (b) d2 y dx 2 = 1 1- x2 2 ( ) -3 2 (- 2 x ) M1 A1 = x 1- x2 ( ) -3 2 (1 x ) 2 d2 y dy -x = 1 x2 x 1 x2 2 dx dx ( )( ) -3 2 x 1- ( 1 2 -2 x ) =0 M1 A1 (4) (7 marks) NU EDEXCEL FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS FP2 (6668)SPECIMEN PAPER MARK SCHEME Question Number 3. Scheme x 0 Marks (a) s=o e ? dy o 2 u 2 e1 + c ? u dx e e dx o u u e dy = sinh x dx 1 y = cosh x, x B1 s = o 1 + sinh 2 x 2 dx 0 1 = o cosh x dx = sinh x 0 x M1 A1 (3) (b) Gradient of tangent dy = tan y = sinh x = s dx s = tan y M1 A1 M1 A1 A1 (2) (c) r= ds = sec2 y dy At y = p , r = sec2 p = 2 4 4 (3) (8 marks) 19 EDEXCE L FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS FP2 (6668) SPECIMEN PAPER MARK SCHEME Question Number 4. Scheme I n = o x n sin x dx = x n (- cos x ) p 2 0 Marks (a) p 2 0 o 2 nx n -1 (- cos x )dx 0 p M1 A1 i i = 0 + ni x n -1 sin x i i -o 0 p 2 p 2 0 = n (p ) 2 n -1 (n 1)I n -2 n -1 u i (n 1)x n- 2 sin x dxy i ? A1 So I n = n(p ) 2 2 n(n 1)I n -2 A1 (4) (b) ?p o I 3 = 3c ? 3. 2 I 1 e2o I 1 = o x sin x dx = x(- cos x ) + o cos x dx 0 p 2 0 p 2 p 2 0 M1 = sin x = 1 0 p 2 A1 3p ? p o I 3 = (3)c ? 6 = -6 4 e 2o 2 2 M1 A1 (4) (8 marks) OM EDEXCEL FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS FP2 (6668) SPECIMEN PAPER MARK SCHEME Question Number 5. Scheme x = 2 sinh t Marks B1 (a) (x 2 + 4 = 4 sinh 2 t + 4 ) ( 2 ) 1 2 = 2 cosh t dx = 2 cosh t dt I =o (x + 4 dx = 4 o cosh 2 t dt ) M1 A1 = 2 o (cosh 2t + 1) dt = sinh 2t + 2t + cM1 A1 M1 A1 ft (7) = 1 x 2 (x 2 2 ? xo + 4 + 2arsinh c ? + c e 2o 2 0 ) (b) Area = o y dx = o 0 (x ) 2 + 4 dx 2 ) M1 e1 =e x e2 = 2 ( xu u e x + 4 u + e 2arsinh u 2u0 u0 e 2 2 1 2 2 8 + 2arsin h (1) 2 = 2 2 + ln 3 + 2 A1 2 + 2 ln1 + ( 2 ) M1 A1 (4) (11 marks) 21 EDEXCEL FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS FP2 (6668) SPECIMEN PAPER MARK SCHEME Question Number 6. Scheme 2p 0 Marks (a) s=o e e x + y u dt e u e u 2 1 u2 2 dy dx = x = a (1 cos t ) = y = a sin t dt dt s=o 2p 0 M1 A1 A1 2p 0 a (1 cos t ) + sin 2 t 2 dt = a o 2 p ? 2 sin c 0 2p 1 2 2 cos t 2 dt M1 A1, A1 ft (6) 1 = 2a o e ? t ou to ? t , = -4a ecosc ? u = 8a e 2o e e 2 ou 0 1 o2 (b) s = 2p o = 2p o 2p 0 ? yc x + y ? dt c ? e o 1 22 2p 2 2 2p 0 a 2 (1 cos t ) 2 dt M1 A1 M1 3 = 8pa 2 o 0 2p 0 ?to sin 3 c ? dt e 2o = 8pa 2 o 2 e t 2 ? t ou e1 cos c 2 ? u sin 2 dt e ou e 2p 64pa 2 t 2 e 3 t u = 8pa e 2 cos + cos u = 2 3 2u0 3 e A1 A1 ft (5) (11 marks) OO EDEXCEL FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS FP2 (6668) SPECIMEN PAPER MARK SCHEME Question Number 7. Scheme tanh x = sinh x e x e x = cosh x e x + e x B1 Marks (1) (a) (b) 1 y 0 x -1 B1 B1 (2) (c) artanhx = z ? tanh z = x e z e-z e z + e -z =x M1 A1 e z e-z = x e z + e- z ( ) 1 x )e z = (1 + x )e z e2z = z= 1+ x 1- x 1 ? 1 + x o lnc ? = artanh x 2 e1- x o M1 A1 M1 A1 1 x dx (4) (d) dz 1 ? 1 1 o 1 = c + ? = dx 2 e 1 + x 1 x o 1 x 2 o artanh x dx = (x artanh x ) o 1 x = (x artanh x ) + 2 M1 A1 A1 (5) 1 ln 1 x 2 + constant 2 ( ) (10 marks) 23 EDEXCEL FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS FP2 (6668) SPECIMEN PAPER MARK SCHEME Question Number 8. Scheme x2 y2 =1 a2 b2 2 x 2 y dy =0 a 2 b 2 dx Marks (a) M1 A1 M1 A1 dy 2 x b 2 b 2 a sec q b = 2 = 2 = dx a 2 y a b tan q a sin q Gradient of normal is then a sin q b a Equation of normal ( y b tan q ) = sin q (x a sec q ) b x sin q + by = a 2 + b 2 tan q (b) M A normal cuts x = 0 at y = B normal cuts y = 0 at x = ( ) M1 A1 (6) (a 2 + b2 tan q b ) M1 A1 (a = ( ) a2 + b2 tan q a sin q + b2 a cos q 2 ) A1 e a2 + b2 u a2 + b2 sec q , tan q u Hence M is e 2b e 2a u Eliminating q sec 2 q = 1 + tan 2 q 2 2 ( ) M1 M1 e 2aX u e 2bY u =1+ e 2 e u u ea2 + b2 u ea + b2 u A1 2 4a 2 X 2 4b 2Y 2 = a 2 + b 2 A1 (7) (15 marks) OQ EDEXCEL FURTHER MATHEMATICS FP3 (6669) SPECIMEN PAPER MARK SCHEME Question Number 1. Scheme Marks ? dy o x 0 = 0, y 0 = 1, c ? = 0 1 = -1 e dx o 0 ? dy o y1 y 0 = hc ? ? y1 = 1 + (0. 1)(- 1) = 0. e dx o 0 ? dy o x1 = 0. 1, y1 = 0. 9, c ? e dx o 1 ? dy o y 2 = y1 + hc ? e dx o 1 = (0. 1) 0. 9 2 B1 M1 A1 ft A1 = -0. 89 = 0. 9 + (0. 1)(- 0. 89) = 0. 811 0. 81 z -i ? w( z + 1) = ( z i ) z +1 M1 A1 (6) (6 marks) 2. (a) w= z (w 1) = -i w z= -i-w w -1 -i-w =1 w -1 M1 A1 z =1? i. e. w 1 = w + i (b) z ? 1? w + i ? w -1 M1 A1 (4) B1 (line) B1 (shading) (2) (6 marks) OR qiea=liEe EDEXCEL FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS FP3 (6669) SPECIMEN PAPER MARK SCHEME Question Number 3. Scheme For n = 1, LHS =1, RHS = So result is lawful for n = 1 Assume true for n = k. accordingly k +1 r =1 Marks 1 2 M1 A1 r &gt 2 k2 + k +1 = = 1 2 1 k + 2k + 1 + 2 2 1 (k + 1)2 + 1 2 2 1 M1 A1 ( ) M1 A1 A1 (7) (7 marks) If true for k, true for k+1 So true for all positive integral n d2 y dy dy +y = x, y = 0, = 2 at x = 1 2 dx dx dx d2 y = 0 +1=1 dx 2 Differentiating with respect to x d 3 y ? dy o d2 y + c ? + y 2 =1 dx 3 e dx o dx 2 4. B1 M1 A1 d3 y dx 3 = -(2) + 0 + 1 = -3 2 A1 x =1 By Taylors Theorem y = 0 + 2(x 1) + = 2(x 1) + 1 1 2 3 1( x 1) + (- 3)(x 1) 3 2 M1 A1 A1 (7) (7 marks) 1 (x 1)2 1 (x 1)3 2 2 OS EDEXCEL FURTHER MATHEMATICS FP3 (6669) SPECIMEN PAPER MARK SCHEME Question Number 5.Scheme A lI = 0 Marks (a) (7 l ) 6 6 =0 (2 l ) M1 A1 (7 l )(2 l ) 36 = 0 l2 9l + 14 36 = 0 l2 9l 22 = 0 (l 11)(l + 2) = 0 ? l1 = -2, l2 = 11 (b) l = -2 Eigenvector obtained from M1 A1 (4) 6 o ? x1 o ? 0 o ? 7 (- 2) c ? c ? =c ? c 6 2 (- 2)? c y 1 ? c 0 ? e oe o e o 3&2151 + 2 y1 = 0 ? 2o 1 ? 2o c ? e. g. c ? normalised c 3? c ? 13 e 3o e o M1 A1 M1 A1 ft ? 4 6 o ? x2 o ? 0o c ? c ? =c ? l = 11 c ? c ? c ? e 6 9o e y2 o e 0o 2 x2 + 3 y 2 = 0 ? 3o 1 ? 3o c ? e. g. c ? normalised c 2? c ? 13 e 2 o e o A1 A1 ft (6) (10 marks) 27 EDEXCEL FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS FP3 (6669)SPECIMEN PAPER MARK SCHEME Question Number 6. (a) AB = (- 1, 3, 1) AC = (- 1, 3, 1) . i j k Scheme Marks M1 A1 AB ? AC = 1 3 1 -1 3 1 = i (3 + 3) + j (1 + 1) + k (- 3 + 3) = 6i + 2 j M1 A1 A1 Area of D ABC = = 1 AB ? AC 2 1 36 + 4 = 10 square units 2 = = = 1 AD . AB ? AC 6 M1 A1 ft (7) (b) Volume of tetrahedron ( ) M1 A1 (2) 1 12 + 8 6 2 cubic units 3 ? ? ? ? (c) Unit vector in direction AB ? AC i. e. perpendicular to plane containing A, B, and C is 1 n= (6i + 2 j) = 1 (3i + j) 10 40 M1 p = n ? AD = 1 10 (3i + j) ? (- 2i + 4 j) = 1 2 -6+4 = units. 10 10 M1 A1 (3) (12 marks) OUEDEXCEL FURTHER MATHEMATICS FP3 (6669) SPECIMEN PAPER MARK SCHEME Question Number Scheme ? 1 x 1o c ? A( x ) = c 3 0 2 ? c1 1 0 ? e o 3 o ? 2 2 c ? Cofactors c 1 1 x 1? c 2 x 5 3x ? e o Determinant = 2 x 3 2 = 2 x 5 ? 2 1 c A (x ) = c 2 2x 5 c e 3 -1 Marks 7. (a) M1 A1 A1 A1 M1 A1 M1 A1 (8) -1 1 (x 1) 2x o ? -5 ? 3x ? o (b) ? 2o ? po ? 2 1 6 o ? 2o c ? 1c c ? ?c ? -1 1 5? c 3? c q ? = B c 3? = c 2 c 4? 1 c 3 cr? 2 9? c 4? e o e o e oe o M1 A1 ft M1 A1 = (17, 13, 24 ) (4) (12 marks) 29 EDEXCEL FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS FP3 (6669) SPECIMEN PAPER MARK SCHEME Question NumberScheme zp + Marks 8. (a) 1 1 = e ipq + ipq p z e = e ipq + e -ipq = 2 cos pq ( ) M1 A1 (2) (b) By De Moivre if z = e iq zp + 1 = 2 cos pq zp 4 1o ? 4 p = 1 (2 cos q ) = c z + ? zo e M1 A1 M1 A1 1 1 1 1 = z 4 + 4 z 3 . + 6 z 2 2 + 4 z. 3 + 4 z z z z 1 o ? 1 o ? = c z 4 + 4 ? + 4c z 2 + 2 ? + 6 z o e z o e = 2 cos 4q + 8 cos 2q + 6 M1 A1 3 8 cos 4 q = 1 cos 4q + 1 cos 2q + 8 2 A1 ft (7) (c) V =p o p 2 p 2 p 2 p 2 y dx = p o 2 p 2 p 2 cos 4 x dx =p o 3o 1 ? 1 c cos 4q + cos 2q + ? dq 8o 2 e8 p M1 A1 ft 1 3 u 2 e1 = p e sin 4q + sin 2q + q u 4 8 u-p e 32 2 M1 A1 ft 3 = p2 8 M1 A1 (6) (15 marks) PM

Does The Ecosystem Service Approach Environmental Sciences Essay

Globalization has led to a more reliant parliamentary procedure on systems and function. A extremist displacement in sentiments of the ecosystems has occurred, from a re bothy traditional point of view of the land being a manner of life, to a more modernistic idea adult male high quality is a precedence, comprehending the environment as immanent capital. For many people, the modern manner of life has become embedded at bottom high society populating otherwise is frequently viewed as a battle, restricting possible engagement in activities. The ecosystem service violate considers ecosystems, in footings of, ( do nt cognize more or less the commas ) the flows of benefits to worlds, and linkages between these services and our offbeat. The approach incorporates everything from the conceptual footing of ecosystem services, through to mensurating, valuing and salarying for services and links to human wellbeing. The ecosystem services atomic number 18 the benefits people gain from ecosystems, this illustrates? represent our dependance on ecosystem-based procedures that create the merchandises we boast and use day-to-day.Different sums of ecological and economic accent occur when specifying ecosystem services the direct and the indirect parts of ecosystems to human wellbeing ( TEEB Foundations 2010 ) Ecosystem services are besides seen as a bridging construct turn toing the causes and effects of effects ( Ehrlich and Ehrlich 1981. ) These definitions address human wellbeing instead than taking the environment into concern.Can you do this any longer, sentence to short? Promotions towards public-service corporation have occurred. In the yesteryear, the dominant statement was for biodiversity preservation where other species had the right to subsist ( Vitousek et al 1997. ) The creative activity of a new subject of ecological economic sciences is based on the useful construct of nature, where worlds are perceived at an advantage ( Millennium Ecosyst em Assessment. ) Society addresses the losingss and additions to themselves alternatively of sing environmental impacts.Ecosystems interact on tellurian to local graduated tables local graduated table alterations make for to planetary alterations and frailty versa ( Wilbank. ) Benefits planetary in nature comprise of storage of atmospheric C and maintaining or increasing degrees of biodiversity. Regional benefits consist of watershed protection. some ecosystem service benefits are local, and frequently are regarded as being the greatest of importance, impacting day-to-day lives straight. As many ecosystem services are locally appreciated local dwellers suffer the most when losingss occur hence graduated table influences the benefits societies and the environment receive ( . ) Locally, societal mechanism methods from transmittal of cognition, ordinances, and values to patterns are utilized ( Berkes et al 2000. ) These kind of systems used may work on a local degree neverthele ss degrees of success may non assist globally. On a planetary degree the environment is addressed nevertheless on a local degree human wellbeing is of importance.The Millennium Ecosystems Assessment conceptualized ecosystem services into four suffice classs proviso, ordinance, cultural and back uping, all of which are significantly linked. MEA is based on indexs of ecosystem provinces and biodiversity, human wellbeing, direct and in-direct force per unit areas and ecosystems services flows. The MEA illustrates the trouble in masking nexus between ecosystem alterations and human well-being fluctuations, impacting upon the degrees of benefits society and the environment receive ( Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. ) The environment provides the necessities for life, from clean H2O to climate ordinance. The provisioning service identifies services including nutrient, theatrical role and fuel and the cultural services provides benefits to people through cultural, rational and religi ous inspiration. Other services provided are uncommonly recognised including regulation services, which address climate ordinance and H2O purification, and back uping services which sustain seed dispersion and alimentary cycling ( Kumar et al 2010. )Food cycling aids the environment, toting all beings with shelter and nutrient growing, through increased works productiveness. Plant growing sweetening and secondary seed dispersion increases workss growing and payoff leaveing society with the benefits of an agricultural economic system. Provisioning services, e.g. harvest pollenation, can increase the output, quality and stableness of merchandises hence heightening the diet nutritionally. Economic benefits besides occur & A lb 195 billion yearly is brought in by purveying services. Regulating services, e.g. C segregation, aids the remotion of GHG from the ambiance hence profiting society and the environment, through cut downing the account of negative impacts. Increased inf ormation and cognition would avoid farther economic harm. Cultural services aid keep cultural value ( Kumar et al 2010. ) good turn demands for purveying services has have been met at the disbursal of back uping, modulating and cultural ecosystem services.Research by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment found, at a planetary degree, diminutions in many of the ecosystem services have been complimented by increased in human wellbeing and nutrient beginnings. Research identifies worsening services are non relevant to society therefore be should be focused on the improving services ( Raudsepp-Hearne et al 2010 ) doing farther impacts upon environmental benefits.Measuring and valuing ecosystem services is a new construct nevertheless ecosystems are dateless. In footings of mensurating ecosystems, indexs are utile when following tendencies and responses. Measuring ecosystem services involves placing the benefits people receive and the ecosystem capacity to present a peculiar service ( Kumar et al 2010. )The multidimensional attack, of valuing ecosystem services, is socially combative but utile when distinguishing and mensurating tradeoffs between society and nature. Irrespective of ecosystem maps and there debasement effects ecosystem services are undervalued by society, as a consequence of? due to a deficiency of consciousness of the kind between the operation of human support systems and the natural ecosystem. ( Liu et al 2010. ) Research has focussed on understanding human penchants for ecosystem services undervaluing the value of modulating and back uping service, this could be why society positions at that place current demands before the environment ( Liu et al 2010. ) The key instance for ecosystem service ratings include, lending towards better decision-making taking into history costs and benefits to the environment and society ( Liu et al 2010. ) Environmental concern has dramatically increased, recognizing the value of the natural ecosystems. Thr ough human-led force per unit areas, debasement of ecosystems and increased consciousness our cognition of exposure to human public assistance and ecosystem alteration, is indispensable for guaranting sustainable exploitation and esteeming the demands of early coevalss.Economic values are easier to see in footings of cost-benefit analysis. Revealed penchant methods, state-preference methods, cost-based method, benefit transportation and nonmonetary methods are manners to value environmental goods. The revealed penchant incorporates ratings direct from willingness to pay for goods and services, economic end product impacts and recreational benefits. For illustration, New York faced a pick of put ining a new H2O filtration works bing $ 4-6 billion dollars or non. Valuing the country and biodiversity lead to positive results as the H2O supply improved biodiversity ( Kumar et al 2010. ) Without valuing the nature of this system more negative results could hold occurred, for illustra tion, increased health deductions from imbibing soiled H2O. Society and the environment were proved to derive great benefits, if right determinations are made. Ecosystems services provide us with a utile neb for conveying different subjects together, in footings of taking all factors into consideration ( Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. )Biodiversity and ecosystem services are public goods ensuing in large inducements for private development beyond socially optimal degrees ( . ) If a sufficient degree of wealth is achieved, social precedences may underscore the quality of the environment and the services it delivers, therefore could supply greater benefits to the environment as society become more cognizant. On the other manus, a growing in economic returns could take to a decrease concern on the biodiversity of the Earth.Disadvantages to valuing ecosystem services include the usage of stray person values which are frequently so aggregated to stand for a socially-relevant unit, such(prenominal) as a community, province, state or full planet. This scheme of valuing is appropriate when services provided are strictly separately enjoyed but are non suited on a planetary graduated table ( Farber, Costanza and Wilson ) Depending on state of affairss, different valuing techniques need to be utilised in order to derive benefits for the environment and society.A farther disadvantage to valuing ecosystems include disregarding the intrinsic value, wrong economic ratings and biodiversity s complexness, uncertainness and irreversibility ( Kumar et al 2010. ) Monetizing of the environmental services can be hazardous, and safeguards need to be taken. Many favour monetising ecosystem services as a determination assistance nevertheless due to the complex nature of these services restrictions apply ( Liu et al 2010. ) Many ecosystem services do nt measure up for market trading, as they are non private in nature, for illustration, inundation protection services, one time these services are made available, may indirectly go available to all ( Farber et al 2002. ) The economic invisibleness of nature is debatable as false appraisals are present taking to market failures ( The Economicss of Ecosystems and Biodiversity. )Economies can fall in without the services of ecological life-support systems and if services are non adapted or managed ( Costonza et al 1997. ) Tiping points, such as, over deforestation and overfishing negatively impacts the environment accordingly impacting societies. Deforestation leads to increasing sums of GHG, in the ambiance, heightening planetary heating. Decreased fish stocks affect the nutrient mountain chain accordingly impacting available nutrient stocks ( Lenton T.M. et al 2008. ) Both the society and the environment are really closely interlinked, monetising services can either impact positively or negatively.Payment for ecosystem services involves offering inducements to landholders or husbandmans in exchange for pull offing their land to supply ecological services hence ever-changing the economic inducements of the land. The transparent system for proviso of environmental services, through voluntary suppliers and conditional payments, purposes to advance the preservation of natural resources in the market place. Poverty computer backup is of import to infantry but should nt be classed as the chief aim ( Wunders 2005. ) For society and the environment to profit from the payment for ecosystem services it must be competitory. PES adapts current patterns to better the environment. Society is less likely to profit impacting supports negatively, in footings of cut downing nutrient resources handiness. Schemes are frequently biased to richer, better-educated, urban-based husbandmans with larger farms ( Zbinden and leeward 2005. ) intending the hapless, undereducated husbandmans remain destitute. world wellbeing has been impacted, influenced and shaped by the nature and conditions of ecosystems. To bring forth human public assistance, ecosystem services need flows of information, energy and tug from a scope of beginnings. Ecosystem services contribute to economic public assistance, through income coevals, well-being and the bar of harm that could bring down costs on society. The relationship between ecosystem services and human wellbeing can take on several different configurations. Rising incomes frequently lead to a diminution in some ecosystem services ( Levy et al 2005. ) For illustration, economic growing from agricultural enlargement has improved human wellbeing, but at the disbursal of dirt quality. Human impacts are now of greater strength and in most instances we can no longer disregard the effects.Human well-being depends on the changeless supply of services attained from ecosystems. Increased human action has changed ecosystems extraordinary. Benefits of alteration are spatially unevenly distributed among persons or even states taking to human and ecological syst ems under multiple emphasiss. Peoples populating in drylands and cragged countries encounter lower ecosystem productiveness hence wellbeing diminishes ( Rehdanz K, Maddison D 2005. ) The negative impacts of urban colonies on ecosystem services and human wellbeing, in flush states, have been delayed and passed onto future coevalss or displaced to different location.Ecosystem services provide direct and indirect benefits for worlds. Direct benefits are obtained, from the ecosystems workss and animate beings, in the signifier of natural stuffs and nutrient. Other direct benefits provided by the universe s ecosystem include familial resources that flow from biodiversity hence developing medicine and progressing cognition on the output and opposition of harvests. Indirect benefits ascend from ecosystem interactions. For illustration, eroding control, H2O purification and seed dispersion via animate beings. Other less touchable benefits comprise of the enjoyment of a sundown and the rel igious significance of countries. Pilgrimages for betterments in human well-being occur, therefore placing that ecosystems are psychologically ingrained into our lives. Many services besides represent a considerable economic resource, occupations associated with touristry and agribusiness are all illustrations of money exchange.Net human wellbeing is better served by keeping ecosystems in a status that provides quality services for the present twenty-four hours and future coevalss. It is local dwellers who have the greater inducement to continue the ecosystems they depend on. Local people have possible for pull offing ecosystems sustainably and for damaging them. But local communities seldom control the ecosystems they inhabit with the market for ecosystem goods going progressively planetary and regulated by the authorities can overmaster the locals interactions.In decision, the ecosystem service attack provides benefits and limitations to society and the environment. As a society, changing the ways in which we view the environment is labored nevertheless with increased policies and more consciousness of the impacts we provide the environment, positions can be altered. At this minute in clip the ecosystem service attack provides greater benefits to the society as seen by the addition in human wellbeing and nutrient beginnings. Fewer benefits are impacting the environment as human high quality and wellbeing is viewed as being a precedence. The authorities, as they have the power to act upon new market solutions, should be the leaders in carry throughing the ecosystem service attack to supply benefits to society without impacting the demands of the environment. The authorities must therefore develop and implement policies and strategies, which have the ability to accomplish benefits for all. Governments have the ability to implement statute natural law which affect both the benefits society and the environment receive nevertheless it is easier to supervise t he benefits in which society receive than the of all time altering environment.Human domination of Earth s Ecosystems 1997Peter M. Vitousek, Harold A. Mooney, Jane Lubchenco, Jerry M. MelilloEconomic and ecological constructs for valuing ecosystem servicesfarber, costanza Wilson 2002Wunders 2005. ) ( TEEB Foundations 2010Ehrlich and Ehrlich 1981Millennium Ecosystem AssessmentVitousek et Al 1997WilbankBerkes et Al 2000Kumar et Al 2010( Raudsepp-Hearne et Al 2010Liu et Al 2010Farber, Costanza and Wilson( Farber et al 2002The Economicss of Ecosystems and BiodiversityLenton T.M. et al 2008Zbinden and Lee 2005Wunders 2005Levy et Al 2005Rehdanz K, Maddison D 2005

Advanced Microeconomics Essay

Question 1 Consumer Theory1.1In both the Marsh in allian and Hicksian consumer optimisation problems, it is fancied that consumers be supposed to be rational. The main focus of these problems atomic number 18 price minimisation and expediency maximisation, which play a huge part in consumer demand, but in real life, these are not the only problems that are considered. Also, it is assumed that every consumers indifference curve for dickens goods would be the same they are very generalised models, and do not dole out into account former(a) factors. For example, not many consumers would spend their entire cypher on said goods one thing to consider would be a consumers marginal desire to consume and save. Though both of the problems pop the question a framework and model of consumer decisions, they are not plausible when applying them to real-life terms, because we have imperfect knowledge.1.2The expression given in the question, is the rearranged derivative of the Hicksian d emand being equal to the Marshallian demand, when income from the budget constraint is equal to minimised expenditure, whereby m=ep, . This is given by dDdp= dHdp- dDdm . dedpusing m = e.Shephards Lemma provides us an alternative way of deriving Hicksian demand functions, using e. It is given by dedp= x*It is important to note that e is strictly increasing in p, repayable to Shephards Lemma, and x* 0,by assumption. Substituting this into the above expression gives dDdp= dHdp- dDdm x*This expression now represents a complete law of demand, as it has combined both Marshallian and Hicksian demand, whereby income from the budget constraint of Marshallian demand, is equal to minimised expenditure of Hicksian demand. Therefore, it has maximised utility and minimised cost simultaneously, to create an optimal quantity of demand in x*. The first term, dDdp, means that Marshallian demand (maximising utility) increases, relation back to the price of the good. dHdp represents the Hicksian par t of the expression, whereby expenditure is minimised, relative to the price of thegood.Question 3 Adverse Selection, Moral Hazard and Insurance3.1Insurance markets are needed when chance is present. Risk occurs when there is uncertainty rough the state of the world. For example, car drivers do not know if they result crash their car in future, and suffer a going of wealth so they would purchase insurance to eliminate this risk of loss, and protect them if they were to ever crash their car. Agents ( vitiateers of insurance) result use insurance markets to transfer their income betwixt different states of the world. This allows insurance markets to trade risk between high-risk and low-risk agents/states. These can be described as Pareto movements. A Pareto improvement is the allocation, or reallocation of resources to profit one individual dampen off, without making another individual worse off. Another term for this is multi-criteria optimisation, where variables and parame ters are manipulated to result in an optimal situation, where no only improvements can be made. When the situation occurs that no more(prenominal) improvements can be made, it is Pareto cost-effective.A condition for efficiency is the least risk-averse agent bears all the risk in an insurance market. If a risk-averse agent bears risk, they would be pass oning to pay to remove it. A risk-averse agent has a diminishing marginal utility of income whereby his marginal utility is different across states, if his income is different across states. The agent would give up income in high-income states, in which his marginal utility is low, to have more income in low-income states (e.g. naughtiness state of the world causing a loss of wealth), where his marginal utility would be high. If the insurance market is risk neutral, they will sell insurance to the customer, as long as the payment received is higher than the expected value of pay-outs that the insurer is contracted to give to the customer in different states of the world.Whenever the agent bears somewhat risk, unexploited gains from trade exist. Absence of unexploited gains from trade is a requirement in an efficient insurance market, then the situation must a modernise, whereby the agents income is equalised across the states of the world. A risk neutral insurance company can charge a premium to equalise the agents income across states of the world, in the best interests of the risk-averse agent. Also, for an insurance market to beefficient, a tangency condition is implied. The tangency of the indifference curves of a risk-averse agent, and a risk-neutral agent, is where efficiency occurs. At this point, one cannot be made better off, without the other being made worse off (Pareto efficiency).However, an insurance company will never be completely efficient in real life, as information asymmetry exists. The first type of information asymmetry to arise in an insurance market is moral hazard, whereby the ac tions that an agent whitethorn take after familying the contract cannot be observed. This gives the company a trade-off decision between giving adept insurance or crack incentives for the agent. Full insurance is first-best in the absence of asymmetric information, when the insurance company is risk-neutral and the agent is risk-averse. However, if the agent is adequatey insured by the company, they have no soil to prevent a bad state of the world from happening. To solve this problem, the insurance company will not maintain large insurance, in order to provide the agent with an incentive to avoid losses.The second type of information asymmetry to occur in an insurance market, is adverse selection. This is when the agent has private information about his risk type and characteristics, and agents in the market are heterogenous. As the insurer doesnt know which agents are high-risk or low risk, the company will not offer different types of full insurance to match risk-types, as high-risk agents will prefer contracts that are intentional for low-risk agents. To solve this, the insurer will offer low-risk agents less insurance this ensures that high-risk types do not have the incentive to choose a contract for low-risk customers, as they will want more insurance, because they know they will need to claim more.This ensures that the insurance company maintains non-negative profit, as high-risk individuals cost more to insure. However, these solutions carry agency costs, because the result is less efficient than if symmetric information was present. I believe that risk neutrality of an insurance company is a sufficient condition for insurance to take place. Insurance companies are risk-neutral to maximise expected profits, therefore as the principal, will design contracts to achieve this, as well as making certain that the agent picks the desired apparent movement (i.e to prevent a bad state of the world) for that contract, and to make sure that the agent e ven picks thecontract in the first place. Making sure incentives are compatible, and ensuring society by the correct risk types, are constraints on maximising expected profits.If an insurance company was risk-averse, without the availability of symmetric information, they cannot differentiate between different risk-types, and therefore would not want to take on the risk of possible high-risk agents buying low-risk contracts. They would charge a higher premium to offset this, which would discourage low-risk customers to sign a contract with the company, as it would not be maximising their own utility. This would lead to a missing market, where trade would be prevented, because other risk-neutral companies would offer better contracts, and they would be able to steal all the low-risk customers. The magnitude of this would depend on the number of low- and high-risk people in the population. This leads me to believe that risk neutrality is likewise a necessary condition for insurance to take place.3.2An insurance company will sell a form _or_ system of government, c, r, if it makes non-negative profits, then r-pic 0,where c = payout, pi = probability of the loss state, r = premium. Competition in the market drives profit down to zero, therefore r-pic = 0 in equilibrium. For the contract to be at equilibrium, it must satisfy two conditions the break-even condition, whereby no contract makes negative profits and absence of unexploited opportunities for profit, because if there was a contract outside of the offered set, with non-negative profit, would mean the offered set is not in equilibrium. If all agents are homogenous, if all agents face the same probability of loss, pi=p, insurance companies would know for each one buyers pi. The cockeyed must maximise each agents utility subject to the firm breakout even. This would be at the point of tangency of the agents indifference curve and zero-profit constraint. This would be in equilibrium as another profit-maki ng policy could not be offered.Therefore, as they can observe agents risk types, they can offer different policies, to different types i= ri, ci. It follows that each is offered full and passably insurance. In real life, heterogeneity is usually the case. This is when pi varies with all individuals. Assuming that there are two types high-risk types, H, and low-risk types, L, where the probabilityof loss for H is higher than for L. Individuals know their own probability of loss i=H, L, but insurance companies are otiose to observe this. In this case, there are two different kinds of equilibria that insurance companies could opt with the candidate pooling equilibrium and the candidate separating equilibrium. The pooling equilibrium is where all risk types buy the same policy. In contrary, the separating equilibrium is based on each risk type buying a different policy. In the pooling equilibrium, if both H and L risk-types choose the same policy, the probability of loss is p and the probability of no loss is 1- p.Therefore, the slope of the aggregate fair-odds line is -1-pp. The pooling contract must lie on this line to be in equilibrium, to ensure the firm breaks even exactly. The contract must also ensure both types want to buy it it must take both L and H to higher indifference curve than the indifference curve they would be on if they stayed uninsured. Agent L ends up below his fair odds line, and H above his, which means L pays more than expected costs, and H pays less both pay the fair pooled premium, but H claims on the policy more. So if L prefers to buy the contract, so will H. This leads me to believe both L and H will be able to get full insurance, though its not completely fair, as the firm does not need H to choose a different policy to remain breaking even. However, this brings to mind the notion that if full insurance is offered, the agent will not have the incentive to prevent a loss state.Therefore, less insurance will probably be offered, an d as both risk types are paying the same premium of the same policy, neither will receive full insurance, as it impossible to differentiate between the two they will both choose the same policy offered. In the separating equilibrium, one contract would be offered to L, and another to H. all(prenominal) risk type must prefer the contract designed for that type (i.e. the incentives must be compatible). The contracts offered should give each type the highest possible utility, subject to the firm breaking even. If full insurance contracts were offered to both L and H, where their respective indifference curves are tangent with their respective zero-profit constraints/fair-odds lines, low risk customers would prefer the policy designed for them, but high-risk customers would also prefer the same policy, not the policy designed for them.So they would not both be offered full insurance, as this gives rise to the problem of preventing H from imitating L low-risk agents are cheaper to ins ure for the firm (claim lessoften) so they get a better rate. Therefore, instead of offering L full insurance, they are offered C, which is still on their fair odds line, but on a lower indifference curve, still ensuring the zero-profit constraint.Now, if the high-risk agents were to choose between the policy designed for them, and C, they will choose the policy designed for them, because they prefer to have more insurance for less money. So, in conclusion, in the separating equilibrium, high-risk (H) customers receive full insurance, and low-risk (L) customers only receive partial insurance they pay the price to prevent H from imitating them. L is worse off than if there was symmetric information in the market, but no difference to H.

Project Management for Dummies, by Stanley E Portny

The Dummies Series book, Project focus for Dummies, by Stanley E. Portny (Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2001), is, in my opinion, a relatively easy-to-read (although also somewhat structurally fragment in places), step-by-step how-to book, for either current or prospective suggest managers, with or without experience. In life, every individual has honks to complete usually a uninterrupted series of them, in fact, and often more than one project to complete simultaneously. Ones projects whitethorn be personal or professional voluntary or necessitate. They may be for our selves alone for friends or family for churches, clubs, or communities special events or for colleagues companies, or employers.As the author concurs, in his Introduction to the textProjects prepare been around since quaint times. Noahbuilt the ark, Leonardo da Vinci painted the MonaLisa, Jonas Salk developed the polio vaccine allprojects. . . . Why then, is the topic of project precaution suddenly of such giganti c interest today? Theanswer is simple. The audience has changed and theManagement projects in particular, however, as Portny also points out, at bottom Chapter 1, must meet three key criteria they must have (1) Specific outcomes(2) Definite start and end dates, and (3) Established budgets (p. 10). Further, as that chapter mentions, project management takes three basic operations (p. 12), which are (1) platformning (2)organizing and (3) control (Portny).In management today, for managers at all levels, completing projects meeting project goals and meeting project deadlines, are more important, as skills, aptitudes, and professional achievements, than ever before, especially within todays first-rate competitive business environment. As Portny also states at the outset Successful organizations create projects that produce desired results in established timeframes with assigned resources (p. 9). Clearly, those who can victoryfully, skillfully, and within budgets and deadlines complet e projects have an advantage over those who cannot.Many suddenly find themselves project managers, not by choice, but due to either changed or expand job descriptions or expectations, or just plain company need. Increasingly, project management has increasingly become a ticket to job promotion and career advancement (or not).Moreover, if one has no previous formal training in project management, one may need to simply learn such skills on the job, and quickly. Project Management for Dummies is written for such individuals those who would like to develop new project management skills (but also for those who desire to increase their current ones). The book is, I believe, potentially very useful for readers within either group.This book guides one through the beginning, middle, and ending project stages. It offers guidelines and tips on planning navigating through am bragging(a)uities and uncertainties team up figure time management, organisational strategies handling paperwork stayi ng on track meeting deadlines, and bringing projects to a successful, satisfactory, and timely conclusion.Topics Project Management for Dummies covers include making project schedules building teams and sustaining teamwork budgeting coping with risks and surprises optimally integrating technology into project management and keeping team members motivated, on task, and within budgets and deadlines. Structurally, the book is divided into five parts (I-V). from each one part consists of amid three and six chapters, with 20 chapters in all.Chapter headings and topics cover include (to name but a few) What is Project Management (And How Do I Get pay Extra to Do It?) (Chapter 1) Estimating Resource Requirements (Chapter 5) Tracking Progress and Maintaining Control (Chapter 10) Dealing With Risk and Uncertainty (Chapter 15) and Ten Tips for Being a Better Project director (Chapter 20). There are also deuce appendices (A and B) and an index.Chapter 2 covers defining and understanding wh at one is trying to accomplish with a project, knowing who and what one is doing a project for, and why that person or entity needs the project completed. This chapter also offers ways to avoid others having unrealistic expectations of the project or oneself as manager. Looking at the big picture includes figuring out why youre doingThis project identifying the initiator identifying others who may benefit from your project and defining needs to be addressed (pp. 29-32). In short, Chapter two focuses on defining the rationale(s) and parameters of the project clarifying those for oneself and for all others involved and laying the initial groundwork toward project completion.Chapters 3, 4, and 5 focus on Getting from hither to There You Want This Done When and Estimating Resource Requirements. Key ideas contained within these chapters, include knowing and planning all steps of a project, including making a work breakdown coordinate knowing how more than detail is enough (p. 49) devel oping and analyzing a network diagram (p. 71) and assign your projects personnel needs (p. 105).Chapter 5 in particular also stresses the importance of finding the right people to assist with the project. Portny observes Your projects success rests on your ability to enlist the help of the right people to behave the necessary work (p. 106). Portny also stresses that, toward that same end, identifying skills and knowledge needed to perform your projects activities (Project Management for Dummies) and Finding people who in fact possess all of those required skills leave behind either make or break a project.One of the chapters I launch near personally useful was Chapter 6, on The Who and How of Project Management. Here, Portny covers three main topics (1) Distinguishing the project organization from the traditional organization (2) Clarifying the roles of different people in the matrix organization and (3) Recognizing key tips for increasing the chances of success (p. 137). As Por tny also notes in this chapter, project management structure and atmosphere may be, and very often is, much different than overall company structure and atmosphere, and one is wise to be clear at the outset on the differences between the two.While projects are company activities, they nevertheless typically take on atmospheres, conflicts, and lives of their own. For example, one operates within both a modify company structure and a functional departmental or area structure in most(prenominal) parts of ones job. However, project management may send one outside ones own functional structure into various other functional structures within the centralized one.Those areas outside ones usual functional structure become the unique matrix structure (p. 141) of the project. Understandably, the matrix structure of an individual project will spawn (and necessitate) much different communications alliances interrelationships interactions, and interdependencies than will usual, more typical wor k activities. Key players in a project matrix environment, which obviously differs from ones overall work environment, will typically include the project manager project team members functional managers and upper management (p. 143).Chapter 7 covers choosing and involving the Right People (p. 149) in ones project. Supporting ideas covered in this chapter include the importance of understanding ones projects audience (any person or group that supports, is affected by, or is interested in your project (p. 150). Each project also has drivers supporters and observers (p. 158) and it is equally important, Portny suggests, for project managers to identify and know each of them, and their respective roles. Of crucial importance to project success, also, is Finding a project belligerent (p. 159) or someone high up in ones organization that will support and encourages the project.Teamwork is crucial to successful project completion. Chapter 8 explains the importance of defining team members roles and responsibilities (p. 166), and making sure all team members are aware of their own and each others roles and responsibilities. Therefore, lines of authority, responsibility, and accountability must be clearly established at the outset, and sustained throughout the project. This chapter also discusses strategies project managers can use should they have to deal with micromanagement from above, such as setting up times to discuss interesting proficient or other issues with the person (p. 181).The book also covers ways of tracking progress and maintaining control (Chapter 10) ways of keeping everyone informed (Chapter 11), including sharing information both in report and at meetings and ways of encouraging peak performance in team players (Chapter 12), including providing rewards and helping players maintain motivation.Chapter 14 focused on handling risk or uncertainty, including ways of identifying possible risk factors assessing risk impact, and preparing a risk managem ent plan. Key advice of this chapter is to realistically assess risks to the project, and to have a risk management plan for handling them.Later chapters included advice on how to hold people accountable (Chapter 18) getting a project back on track (Chapter 19)and tips for optimal project management (Chapter 20).All in all, I benefited from reading and reflecting on the guidelines, strategies, and tips plentifully contained within Stanley E. Portnys Project Management for Dummies. The only aspect of this book that I found disappointing was that of that it had far fewer specific examples, of actual project management situations to illustrate major points and concepts, than I would have liked. I learn best and most easily from examples and discussion of how those examples illustrate theoretical concepts. I would have liked for Portny to do more of that in this book than he did. Major strengths of the book include its being thorough comprehensive well organized, and practical.

And of Clay Are We Created by Isabelle Allende

When assigned to read the short stories in class to summarize and get a line to paraphrase, there was one story in particular that emotionally touched me. This short story was And of Clay Are We Created by Isabell Allende. I found umpteen great points that could be discussed about the story, and that is why I chose it to be a part of this research paper. This story is a touching momentum of a mans piercing awakening that he no longer has to suffer from the emotional torment that was inflicted upon him during is childhood.Rolf, like a flower sinking into the mud (367) has sank into himself a self that is alter with cataclysmic devastation and desolation. The volcano has erupted to bring an avalanche of despair, so does this same volcano explode, bursting to eventually bring calm and equanimity. Isabell Allende has Rolf Carle, a news reporter evaporate out to the devastating scene where you are introduced to Azucena, a young girl, stuck in the mud. Rolfe Carle stays with Azucena i n hopes of saving her from this catastrophe but in the meantime, he Journeys finished his repressed hildhood memories.It is important to investigate repressed memories so you could courageously move forward to live a fuller life, instead of blocking these memories and living in the past. This paper go away slightly take you through Rolf Carles emotions, the make these memories can have, and how to overcome them. I found it ironic how Rolf Carle is close to many peoples histories when investigating the hazard being a reporter but he is so distant with his own and we see this when he is telling his stories to Azucena.Rolf connected with Azucena at a take aim of xperience, whether it was forcible or emotional, they became one and shared things with each other, some things being on a different level. This connection occurred because Rolf saw himself like Azucena trapped in a pit without escape, buried in life, his head barely above ground (Allende, 363). It is apparent that Rolf, like the buried and trapped girl, has submerged his own hold and hidden visceral terror terror concea take from reality, that when it is unearthed, it is intact and precise as if it had lain always in his mind, waiting (Allende, 362).Like the eceased relatives who weigh down Azucena by clinging on her legs, so too is Rolf weighed down, incapacitated and paralyzed by the hauntingly vivid repressed memories. Rolf seemed to be trapped in pain as Azucena was in the mud, and confronting the thoughts of the girl destruction was tough. Azucena taught him to pray, and eventhough it might have been consolation for herself, she later provides support for Rolfe when he was suffering through his past memories. This moment with Azucena, showed Rolf shame, fear, and regret.Rolfs emotional break down, as displayed with Azucena, esulted in him ascending above the vultures and helicopters flying above the vast swamp and corruption (366). The question of importance and focus is non how this took place. In other words, it is not the line of successive actions and conversations, told and untold, that led to his decisive moment of freedom that is important. It is the cognitive and emotional process of a child who has been abused and chooses to either suppress or repression those traumatic painful memories.Indeed Rolf goes through a transformative change. But for 30 years he has lived or hoose to forget certain events that took place in his life. The reader is never told in full accompaniment the abuse that was inflicted upon Rolf. We are given the illusion of a being beat with a belt then put in a closet. Such a painful event indeed was resulted in the present moment of physical pain, as well as, the present and future psychological damage done to Rolf, not mentioning the effects that it had on his sister.We are reminded time and again by survivors of abuse that emotional abuse is far worse because the body is meant for recovering and healing physical wounds, the vidence is in scars, but the mind has a difficult time reacting to emotional abuse because it is counterproductive and counter intuitive in an unhealthy and unnatural way (abused victim who chooses to remain anonymous). When dealing with painful events, especially when occurring during childhood, a child often times chooses to either repress or suppress the memories hoping that he or she will never have to relive that moment. A repressed memory, according to some theories of psychology, is a memory (often of a traumatic nature) of an event or environment, which is stored by the unconscious mind mind but outside the awareness of he conscious mind (pyshowiki), whereas, suppressed memories are those memories that are forgotten by choice. The question now becomes did Rolfs unconscious mind repress the memory or was it by choice that he suppressed his childhood experience?The answer first comes with an understanding that memories stay in the brain for life (Martin Dak). It is important to underst and that repressed memories do not disappear (changingminds. org). We can only bury memories for so long before they rise up (Effect on the Mind). A person tends to forget memories because the fear f facing reality has invaded his or her life and he or she no longer has the resolution to properly be engaged in the present moment.Like an earthquake that shatters glass into millions of pieces and demolishes massive infrastructures into complete and utter ruin so too can the effects of repressed memories play in a persons life. If repressed memories are not received, accepted, and properly discussed, a lifetime of tortured reality can unfold in a persons life. We dont have to look any farther than the 30 years of life that Rolf lived. The reader is never given a glimpse into his life later on the abuse. We are told he has a relationship with a girl and that he is a reporter.Only with extremely caution, lest we stereotype that all reporters and to conclude that his Job does keep him woful from one situation to the next, avoiding having to ever think about his own issues and life. People that have repressed memories could possibly have disorders like post- traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. family on such emotions is overwhelmed by extreme mental trauma (Novella). One could also experience traumatic amnesia, this involves the loss of memories of traumatic experiences (Kolk).

Proposal for Multimedia Project Essay

A self-declared grey hat hacker has leaked credit card information from Visa and MasterCard. In a Pastebin statement, Reckz0r said that he targeted the credit card giants for curiosity and challenge and was only leaking a portion of the credit card information as he could not leak everything, as it was too large. He said Im also censoring the credit card information such(prenominal) as CC number, secret code, expiry date for security measures, I also edited the way the information will look, the original one looked bullshit.The schedule includes the card owners name, address, telephone number and email address. Speaking on Twitter Reckz0r said that he did not hack Visa and MasterCard, tho several banks. He later tweeted that he had penetrated over 79 large banks and had been targeting these banks for three months. In a web chat, Reckz0r told SC Magazine that the total selective information file was 50GB and it mainly consisted of credit card data and contained data of company-owner s, for example (LinkedIn co-founder) Reid Hoffman.He declined to answer a question on how he hacked the two companies, moreover when asked if he found flaws to make this hack easier, he said yes and admitted that he had also hacked into the FBI, Pentagon and US Navy websites and leaked some of their staff emails. In this instance, Reckz0r chose to reveal in the flesh(predicate) details of customers. Asked why he chose not to hit the credit card companies directly, Reckz0r said Ive took down mastercard. com a year ago and Visa. This time, I did a leak. I hacked a few banks and leaked the information.The full leak is 50GB containing 500,000 citizens information. He confirmed that he was involved in the attack on MasterCard and Visa in December 2010, when Anonymous declared support for WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange after PayPal permanently restricted the account used by WikiLeaks. This led to attacks on PayPal and different sites who chose not to support Assange or the whistle-bl owing website. Reckz0r said that he was involved in the Visa and MasterCard attacks with two others. He said Were just showing that when LulzSec was over, raft thought its the end of Anonymous, it isnt actually. He also said that he was working alone as he had been before.Tal Beery, web question team leader at Imperva, said Having looked at the files that were posted, it doesnt look credible. If anything he hacked a website and downloaded credit card details that contained Visa and MasterCard along with American Express. But it is highly unlikely that he hacked both Visa and MasterCard directly. Asked what he would say to people suggesting it is not genuine credit card data, Reckz0r said Theyre a bunch of haters, if I wouldnt censor the data and leak the whole 50GB data, Id be noticed as a dismal hat.

Pop Art Was Simply a Reflection of Consumer Society and Mass Media

p invention maneuver was simply a reflection of consumer social club and mass media, non a critique. Discuss with reference to the work of 3 maneuverists. Pop Art was one of the major art movements of the twentieth century. It brought art confirm to the material realities of daily life, in which ordinary people derived most their visual pleasure from popular mass socialization, such(prenominal) as advertising, television, magazines, or ludicrous books and comic strips. As it emerged from the experiments of the fifties, was the ideal instrument for coming to grips with the American urban environment. Stangos, 1997) As the post-war generation and the stable political situation, it drove people back to the qualities of life. At the alike times, America urban environment was influence by industrialism, consumer bon ton and the mass media explosion. The pop artists have found subjects, which have previously been invisible because they are so much a part of our surroundings that we dont see them. These things now begin to appear, once the artists have pointed them out, and we disc all over that the origination is full of Pop object, which are expressive of our times and our values for better or for worse. Mahsun, 1989, p. 163) Pop art was established from the reality of basic consumer society therefore, it was accepted by the society easily.Pop art is said to be a reflection of culture as artists are giving new generateation to different ordinary objects in their art works. Jasper Johns establish his career in art in 1954, he uses flags, numbers, letters and maps these kind of parking lot symbols in daily life as element or theme of his art work. Jasper talks most his work, Flags (fig. ), in which he thinks that flag this kind of most ordinary objects can be dealt with without having to judge them, they seem to me to hold out as clear facts, not involving aesthetic hierarchy. (Harrison and Wood, 2001, p. 721) He adds that one thinks it has forty-eight school principals and suddenly it has fifty stars it is no longer of any great interest. The painting of a flag is always round a flag, but it is no more about a flag than it is about a brush-stroke or about a color or about the physicality of the paint, I think. (Harrison and Wood, 2001, p. 723) People will not care anymore about the cultural meaning of a flag, such as the meaning behind the number of stars of flag, but it transforms to a new representation of merely art element- brush-stroke, color and paint. The deform of ordinary objects is improve into a new image using oil and collage on fabric. By looking at the quality of work, one may say it is unfinished, thus far Jasper said it is his intention. I think a painting should include more experience than simply intended averment.I personally would like to keep the painting in a state of shunning statement, so that one is left with the fact that one can experience individually as one pleases that is, not to focus the att ention in one way, but to leave the situation as kind of actual thing, so that the experience of it is variable. (Harrison and Wood, 2001, p. 726) Besides he is fire in deforming objects, he also intended to leave the painting not perfect as people usually conceived, to let viewer to experience and interpret the painting in their own way.Lippard (1966) also said that he has neutralized the gap between life and art by composing imperfect deductive reasoning of motif and treatment. The question about is it a painting or flag is no more important. He integrates art and life with the use of ordinary objects and the imperfect way to treat his art. The new interpretation of ordinary culture is arousing resonance of viewers rather that a voicing out a statement to challenge the society. Andy Warhol, another master of pop art giving a new interpretation of mass production. For the most 1950s he was a roaring graphic designer, particularly in the field of shoe illustration.In 1960, Warho l, produced his first canvases depicting comic strip characters. The canonical repeated Soup Cans, Disaster, Elvises and Marilyns followed in 1962. Warhol talks about his work, Campbells Soup Cans,(fig. 2), for the reason he start painting soup cans because I used to drink it. I used to have the same dejeuner every day, for twenty years, I guess, the same thing over and over again. (Harrison and Wood, 2001, P. 732) Painting usually reflects the painters mind, which is happening around them. And the Soup cans all told reflect what Warhols life had and what he concerned.Daily objects are used again as the theme of art work which is reminding viewers about very common objects, which Warhol is placing a new value and thought into them through his work. Another series of painting, the death series (fig. 3), and the reason to start this series is because there was lots of tragedy news from the mass media. Warhol realized that everything he was doing must have been Death. That started i t. But he believed when one see a horrible picture over and over again would lose the effect (Harrison and Wood, 2001, P. 732).He even wants to repeat the images like what a machine does. In the 60s, most of the American similar to Warhol repeating their life likes a machine. No one would like to be a machine, but Warhol does. Warhol said that I want to be a machine, and I feel that whatever I do and do machine like is what I want to do. (Harrison and Wood, 2001, P. 732) In 1963 Warhol was mass-producing the images by silkscreen technique, for the repeated images makes us aware again of objects which have disordered their visual recognition through constant exposure.We consider a fresh look at things familiar to us, yet uprooted from their ordinary contexts, and reflect upon the meaning of modern-day existence. (Stangos, 1997, P. 229) Warhol wants an art that will appeal to everybody, and his products range from soup to cheesecake, Brillo to Marilyn Monroe, nose surgery to Jacqu eline Kennedy, as he mention everything is beautiful, Pop is everything. (Stangos, 1997) Once again, his art work reflects the planetary daily life of Warhol. It becomes widespread and popular because of the objects are so attached to everyones common life in America, which recalls peoples memory.It is more believably that he is playful to ordinary materials, giving new look to them, mass producing them, rather to give a critical statement to the contemporary society. Roy Lichtenstein, who was a commit and foremost practitioner of pop art, he interest in the comic-strip cartoon and blown-up enlargements of things as an art theme probably began with a painting of rice paddy Mouse and Donald Duck, Look Mickey (fig. 4). Although he was initially dissatisfied with his technique and uncomfortable with direct appropriation, he took great pleasure in presenting well-known comic-strip figures in a fine art format.He thinks that Pop art is commercial art which is used as subject matter i n painting. (Franciz, Mark and Foster, 2005) He is enkindle in signs and comic strips because they are usable, forceful and vital about commercial art. We are using those things- but we are not really advocating stupidity, world(prenominal) teenagerism and terrorism. (Franciz, Mark and Foster, 2005, p. 229) The use of comic strips itself already brings the cultural effect which everyone could digest easily, while he did not intend to give a judgment to the culture or society.Roy also said that he painted directly. To express the things in a painterly style would dilute it the techniques he uses are not commercial, they lonesome(prenominal) appear to be commercial and the ways of seeing and composing and unifying are different and have different ends. Roy believes pop art looks out into the world it appears to accept its environment, which is not good or bad, but different-another state of mind. And the tension between apparent object-directed products and actual ground- directed processes is an important strength of pop art. Mahsun, 1989,) When the conservator at the modern museum has called pop art fascistic and militaristic, the 1st televised war (fig 5), Roy said that The heroes depicted in comic books are fascist types, but I dont take them seriously in these paintings- maybe there is a point in not taking them seriously, a political point. I use them for purely formal reason, and thats not what those heroes were invented for. Pop art has very immediate and of the moment meanings which will vanish- that kind of thing is ephemeral- and pop takes expediency of this meaning which is not supposed to last, to divert you from its content.I think the formal statement in my work will become clearer in time. (Mahsun, 1989, P. 113) It is clear that Roy does not take the heroic effect of cartoon strip itself seriously, even agrees with the fading meaning of pop art it may convey. It does not matters to him whether the effect will be long-lasting. He takes the i mmediate effect of cartoon images which are popular and influential in the moment. One could hardly think about he is criticizing the culture from his own statement. In 50s to 60s America societies, pop culture is the product of the Industrial Revolution, and of the series of technological revolutions that succeed it. Nikos Stangos, 1997) The impact of Mass media from radio, television or magazine advertising was richly influenced in America urban environment, who can live without this complicated mass media element. According to impact of mass media, the commonplace objects (such as comic strips, famous star and commodities) were used as subject matter in pop art. When the pop artists discovered those invisible objects, they realized that there were full of new interesting art element surround them. When the daily commodities become an art piece, the relationship between the commonplace objects and the consumer are resonating easily.That is the reason why pop art credence and rec ognition by the consumer society and become a fad quickly. (Harrison and Wood, 2001,) It is more prone that Pop art is reflecting the society and culture rather than judging it. Everything about pop art was, and is, transient and provisional. By embracing these qualities, the pop artists held a mirror to society itself. (Stangos, 1997, P. 238) (Fig. 1) Flags, 1952 (Fig. 2) Campbells Soup Can, 1962 (Fig. 3) five deaths, 1963 (Fig. 4) Look mickey,1961 (Fig. 5) The 1st televised war,1972 extension phone list Francis, Mark and Foster, 2005, Hal (eds). Pop, Phaidon, New York Harrison, C and Wood, P 2001, Art in theory 1900-2000 and anthology of changing ideas, Oxford, Blackwell. Honnet, K 2007, Andy Warhol 1928-1987 commerce into Art, Taschen, Germany Lippard,L. R, 1966, Pop Art, Thames and Hudson, London Livingstone, M, 2000, Pop art a continuing history, Thames and Hudson, Singapore Mahsun, C. A. R, 1989, Pop Art the critical dialogue, UMI Research Press, London Sta ngos, N, 1997, Concepts of Modern Art, third edition, Thames and Hudson, Singapore

Sat and Adj

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Digital Copy MP3/MPEG2,sold with CDs to ensure easy use Not Copy Protected.Download After CDs/DVD barter for 22MB, compressed RAR files Vocab CD1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 SAT mathematics 87MB hour 1, 2, may need free VLC Media Player + SAT TEST MATH Semin ar complete edition of $120 live class 1. Watch Math Problems resolved Step-By-Step 2. Pr comprise field glass, Prep 3. Ace SAT math Seminar Math Problems PDF Free Learn 2 or 3 ways to solve defraudcut+ moxieup 2-hour TV DVD Uses my below SAT math notes, my best tips from 10-years teaching abase v. To discredit in position, estimation, or the like degrade. abbey n. The group of buildings which collectively form the dwelling- get polish off of a society of monks or nuns.Free SAT prep math notes below vocabulary v abbot n. The superior of a comm hearty unity of monks. abdicate v. To open up (royal power or the like). paunch n. In mammals, the visceral cavity between the diaphragm and the pelvic floor the belly. abdominal n. Of, pertaining to, or situated on the abdomen. abduction n. A carrying away of a mortal against his will, or illegally. a screw adv. In bed on a bed. aberration n. Deviation from a right, customary, or prescribed course. abet v. To aid, promote, or encou rage the missionary work of (an offense). abeyance n. A pass on of suspension or temporary in encounterion. abhorrence n. The act of detesting extremely. bhorrent adj. Very discordant hateful. abidance n. An abiding. abject adj. Sunk to a low check out. abjure v. To re patois, renounce, repudiate under oath. able-bodied adj. capable for physical service. ablution n. A washing or cleansing, especially of the automobile trunk. abnegate v. To renounce (a right or privilege). irregular adj. Not con harmoniumize to the ordinary rule or standard. abominable adj. Very hateful. abominate v. To hate violently. abomination n. A very detestable act or practice. aboriginal adj. Primitive unsophisticated. aborigines n. The original of earliest known inhabitants of a country. aboveboard adv. & adj.Without concealment, fraud, or trickery. abrade v. To wear away the originate or some part of by friction. abrasion n. That which is rubbed off. abridge v. To unclutter shorter in words, glid e bying the essential features, leaning out minor fragments. space capsule n. A condensed form as of a book or play. abrogate v. To abolish, repeal. abrupt adj. Beginning, ending, or ever-changing suddenly or with a break. abscess n. A Collection of pus in a cavity formed within some tissue of the body. abscission n. The act of cutting off, as in a surgical operation. abscond v. To depart suddenly and secretly, as for the purpose of escaping arrest. absence n.The fact of not world demo or available. absent-minded adj. Lacking in attention to immediate sur dilateings or business. absolution n. Forgiveness, or loss over of offenses. absolve v. To free from sin or its penalties. absorb v. To drink in or truckle up, as a sponge absorbs water. absorption n. The act or touch of absorbing. abstain v. To keep angiotensin converting enzymeself back (from doing or apply some affaire). abstemious adj. Characterized by self denial or abstinence, as in the use of drink, food. abstinenc e n. Self denial. abstruse adj. Dealing with matters difficult to be understood. absurd adj. Inconsistent with reason or greens sense. bundant adj. Plentiful. abusive adj. Employing harsh words or ill treatment. abut v. To touch at the end or boundary line. abyss n. Bottom little gulf. academic adj. Of or pertaining to an academy, college, or university. academician n. A genus Phallus of an academy of literature, art, or learning. academy n. either institution where the higher branches of learning are taught. accede v. To agree. revive v. To move faster. accept v. To take when offered. access n. A way of start out or entrance passage. get-at-able adj. Approachable. accession n. Induction or elevation, as to dignity, office, or government. ccessory n. A person or thing that acquired immune deficiency syndrome the principal agent. acclaim v. To utter with a shout. accommodate v. To furnish something as a kindness or favor. accompaniment n. A subordinate part or move, enriching or supporting the leading part. accompanist n. iodine who or that which accompanies. accompany v. To go with, or be associated with, as a companion. accomplice n. An associate in wrong-doing. accomplish v. To bring to pass. accordion n. A portable free-reed tuneful instrument. accost v. To speak to. account n. A record or positment of receipts and expenditures, or of business transactions. accouter v.To dress. ac ascribe v. To give credit or authority to. accumulate v. To become greater in quantity or number. accuracy n. Exactness. accurate adj. Conforming exactly to truth or to a standard. accursed adj. Doomed to evil, misery, or misfortune. accusation n. A kicking of crime, misdemeanor, or error. accusatory adj. Of, pertaining to, or involving an accusation. accuse v. To devote with wrong doing, misconduct, or error. accustom v. To trade figure of speech familiar by use. acerbity n. Sourness, with bitterness and astringency. acetate n. A salt of acetic acid. acetic adj. Of , pertaining to, or of the nature of vinegar. che v. To be in pain or distress. Achillean adj. Invulnerable. achromatic adj. Colorless, acid n. A sour substance. work v. To change into acid. acknowledge v. To recognize to admit the genuineness or validity of. acknowledgment n. Recognition. acme n. The highest point, or summit. acoustic adj. Pertaining to the act or sense of hearing. acquaint v. To even out familiar or conversant. acquiesce v. To conform to submit. acquiescence n. Passive consent. acquire v. To get as ones own. acquisition n. Anything gained, or make ones own, usually by effort or labor. acquit v. To free or clear, as from accusation. cquittal n. A discharge from accusation by judicial action. acquittance n. Release or discharge from indebtedness, obligation, or responsibility. acreage n. Quantity or terminus of land, especially of cultivated land. acrid adj. Harshly pungent or bitter. acrimonious adj. Full of bitterness. acrimony n. acuity or bitterness of spee ch or temper. actionable adj. Affording get for instituting an action, as trespass, slanderous words. echtity n. Any reality. numerical statistician n. An policeman, as of an insurance company, who calculates and states the risks and premiums. actuate v. To move or incite to action. acumen n.Quickness of intellectual insight, or discernment keenness of discrimination. acute adj. Having fine and penetrating discernment. ada human beingst n. Any substance of exceeding callousness or impenetrability. thoroughendum n. Something added, or to be added. addle v. To make inefficient or worthless muddle. show v. To bring forward or name for consideration. adhere v. To stick fast or in concert. adherence n. Attachment. aider adj. Clinging or sticking fast. adhesion n. The state of being attached or joined. adieu inter. sober-by farewell. adjacency n. The state of being adjacent. adjacent n. That which is near or bordering upon. d mark v. To award or bestow by testicle decision. adju nct n. Something joined to or affiliated with other thing, but detaining a subordinate place. profane swearing n. A vehement appeal. adjutant adj. Auxiliary. administrator n. nonpareil who manages affairs of any kind. admissible adj. Having the right or privilege of entry. admittance n. Entrance, or the right or permission to enter. admonish v. To warn of a fault. monition n. Gentle reproof. ado n. unnecessary activity or ceremony. adoration n. Profound devotion. adroit adj. Having skill in the use of the bodily or mental powers. adulterant n. An adulterating substance. dulterate v. To make impure by the debasement of other or baser ingredients. adumbrate v. To behave in fronthand in outline or by emblem. orgasm n. The coming or arrival, as of any important change, event, state, or personage. adverse adj. Opposing or opposed. mischance n. Misfortune. advert v. To refer incidentally. advertiser n. sensation who advertises, especially in news makeups. advisory adj. Not man datory. advocacy n. The act of pleading a induct. advocate n. maven who pleads the accept of another, as in a legal or ecclesiastical court. aerial adj. Of, pertaining to, or like the air. aeronaut n. hotshot who navigates the air, a balloonist. aeronautics n. the art or practice of flying air ruse aerostat n. A balloon or other apparatus floating in or sustained by the air. aerostatics n. The branch of pneumatics that treats of the equilibrium, pressure, and mechanical properties. affable adj. Easy to approach. affect v. To act upon affectation n. A studied or ostentatious pretense or attempt. affiliate n. Some auxiliary person or thing. affirmative adj. Answering yes to a question at issue. affix v. To fasten. affluence n. A profuse or abundant supply of riches. affront n. An open insult or indignity. fire adv. & adj. On fire, literally or figuratively. afoot adv. In progress. aforesaid adj. Said in a preceding part or before. afresh adv. Once more, after rest or interval. aft erthought n. A thought that comes later than its appropriate or expected condemnation. agglomerate v. To pile or heap together. aggrandize v. To cause to appear greatly. aggravate v. To make heavier, worse, or more burdensome. aggravation n. The fact of being made heavier or more heinous, as a crime , offense, misfortune, and so on aggregate n. The entire number, sum, mass, or quantity of something. aggress v. To make the low gear attack. ill will n.An unprovoked attack. aggrieve v. To give grief or sorrow to. aghast adj. Struck with terror and amazement. mobile adj. Able to move or act quickly, physically, or mentally. agitate v. To move or excite (the feelings or thoughts). agrarian adj. Pertaining to land, especially agricultural land. aide-de-camp n. An officer who receives and transmits the orders of the cosmopolitan. ailment n. Slight sickness. airy adj. Delicate, e thereal. akin adj. Of similar nature or qualities. alabaster n. A white or delicately tinted fine-grained gypsum. alacrity n. at rest willingness. albeit conj. Even though. albino n.A person with milky white skin and hair, and eyes with bright red scholar and usually pink iris. album n. A book whose leaves are so made to form paper frames for holding photographs or the like. alchemy n. Chemistry of the middle ages, stipulated by the pursuit of changing base metals to gold. alcoholic drink n. A volatile, inflammable, colorless liquid of a penetrating odor and burning taste. alcoholism n. A check off resulting from the inordinate or persistent use of alcoholic beverages. alcove n. A retained recess attached with or at the side of a larger room. alder n. Any shrub or venial tree of the genus Alumnus, of the oak family. alderman n.A member of a municipal legislative body, who usually exercises also reliable judicial functions. aldermanship n. The dignity, condition, office, or term of office of an alderman. alias n. An assumed name. alien n. One who owes allegiance to a foreign gov ernment. alienable adj. Capable of being aliened or alienated, as lands. alienate v. To cause to turn away. alienation n. Estrangement. aliment n. That which nourishes. alkali n. Anything that will neutralize an acid, as lime, magnesia, etc. allay v. To calm the violence or reduce the intensity of mitigate. allege v. To maintain to be accredited, especially in a formal manner, as in court. llegory n. The setting forth of a subject under the guise of another subject of capably suggestive semblance. alleviate v. To make less burdensome or less hard to bear. alley n. A narrow street, garden path, head, or the like. alliance n. Any combination or union for some common purpose. allot v. To assign a definite thing or part to a certain person. tryst n. Portion. allude v. To refer incidentally, or by suggestion. allusion n. An indirect and incidental reference to something without definite mention of it. cloudburst n. Flood. ally n. A person or thing connected with another, usually in some semblance of helpfulness. lmanac n. A serial publication of tables give the days of the week together with certain astronomical information. aloof adv. Not in sympathy with or desiring to associate with others. altar n. Any raised place or expression on which sacrifices may be offered or incense burned. alter v. To make change in. alteration n. channel or modification. altercate v. To contend angrily or zealously in words. alternate n. One elect to act in place of another, in case of the absence or incapacity of that other. alternative n. Something that may or must exist, be interpreted or chosen, or done instead of something else. altitude n. vertical distance or elevation above any point or base-level, as the sea. alto n. The lowest or deepest female voice or part. altruism n. Benevolence to others on subordination to self-interest. altruist n. One who advocates or practices altruism. amalgam n. An alloy or union of mercury with another metal. amalgamate v. To mix or blend together in a homogeneous body. amateur adj. Practicing an art or occupation for the applaud of it, but not as a profession. amatory adj. Designed to excite love. ambidextrous adj. Having the ability of using both hands with equal skill or ease. ambiguous adj. Having a double meaning. ambitious adj.eagerly desirous and aspiring. ambrosial adj. Divinely sweet, fragrant, or delicious. ambulance n. A vehicle fitted for conveying the sick and wounded. ambulate v. To walk about ambush n. The act or state of lying concealed for the purpose of surprising or attacking the enemy. ameliorate v. To hush up, as from pain or hardship amenable adj. Willing and ready to submit. Ameri scum bagism n. A peculiar sense in which an English word or phrase is used in the fall in States. amicable adj. Done in a friendly spirit. amity n. Friendship. amorous adj. Having a propensity for locomote in love. amorphous adj. Without determinate shape. mour n. A love-affair, especially one of an illicit nature. ampere n. The practical unit of electric-current strength. ampersand n. The font & and. amphibious adj. Living both on land and in water. amphitheater n. An edifice of ovoid shape, constructed about a commutation open space or arena. amplitude n. Largeness. amply adv. Sufficiently. amputate v. To omit by cutting, as a limb or some portion of the body. amusement n. Diversion. anachronism n. Anything occurring or actual out of its proper time. anagram n. The letter of a word or phrase so transposed as to make a different word or phrase. nalogous adj. Corresponding (to some other) in certain respects, as in form, proportion, relations. analogy n. Reasoning in which from certain and known relations or resemblance others are formed. analyst n. One who analyzes or makes use of the analytical method. analyze v. To examine accidentally or slenderly. anarchy n. Absence or utter disregard of government. anathema n. Anything forbidden, as by friendly usage. anatomy n. That branc h of morphology which treats of the structure of organisms. ancestry n. Ones ancestors collectively. anecdote n. A brief account of some interesting event or incident. anemia n.Deficiency of blood or red corpuscles. anemic adj. moved(p) with anemia. anemometer n. An instrument for measuring the force or velocity of wind. anesthetic adj. Pertaining to or producing loss of sensation. afresh adv. Once more. angelic adj. Saintly. Anglophobia n. Hatred or dread of England or of what is English. Anglo-Saxon n. The entire English wake wherever found, as in Europe, the United States, or India. angular adj. Sharp-cornered. anhydrous adj. Withered. animadversion n. The utterance of reprehension or censure. animadvert v. To pass criticism or censure. animalcule n. An animal of microscopic smallness. animate v.To make alive. animosity n. Hatred. annalist n. Historian. annals n. A record of events in their chronological order, year by year. annex v. To add or affix at the end. annihilate v. To destroy absolutely. annotate v. To make explanatory or critical notes on or upon. annual adj. Occurring every year. annuity n. An annual allowance, payment, or income. annunciation n. Proclamation. anode n. The point where or path by which a voltaic current enters an electrolyte or the like. anonymous adj. Of unknown authorship. antagonism n. reciprocal ambition or resistance of counteracting forces, principles, or persons. Antarctic adj.Pertaining to the south pole or the regions near it. ante v. In the game of poker, to put up a stake before the cards are dealt. throw overboard v. To precede. antecedent n. One who or that which precedes or goes before, as in time, place, rank, order, or causality. antechamber n. A postponement room for those who seek audience. antedate v. To assign or affix a date to earlier than the actual one. antediluvian adj. Of or pertaining to the times, things, events before the great flood in the days of Noah. antemeridian adj. Before noon. antemund ane adj. Pertaining to time before the worlds creation. antenatal adj. Occurring or existing before birth. nterior adj. Prior. anteroom n. A room situated before and initiative into another, usually larger. anthology n. A collection of extracts from the writings of various authors. anthracite n. Hard coal. anthropology n. The science of man in general. anthropomorphous adj. Having or resembling human form. antic n. A grotesque, ludicrous, or fantastic action. Antichrist n. Any adversary or enemy of Christ, whether a person or a power. anticlimax n. A gradual or sudden decrease in the importance or impressiveness of what is said. anticyclone n. An atmospheric condition of high central pressure, with currents flowing external. ntidote n. Anything that will counteract or remove the effects of poison, disease, or the like. antilogy n. Inconsistency or contradiction in equipment casualty or ideas. antipathize v. To show or feel a feeling of antagonism, aversion, or dislike. antiphon y n. A response or alteration of responses, generally musical. antiphony n. An anthem or other radical sung responsively. antipodes n. A place or region on the opposite side of the earth. antiquary n. One who collects and examines old things, as coins, books, medals, weapons, etc. antiquate v. To make old or out of date. antique adj. Pertaining to antique times. ntiseptic n. Anything that destroys or restrains the growth of putrefactive micro-organisms. antislavery adj. Opposed to human slavery. antispasmodic adj. Tending to prevent or relieve non-inflammatory spasmodic affections. antistrophe n. The inversion of terms in successive classes, as in the home of rapture and the joy of home. antitoxin n. A substance which neutralizes the poisonous products of micro-organisms. antonym n. A word directly opposed to another in meaning. anxious adj. Distressed in mind respecting some uncertain matter. apathy n. Insensibility to feeling or belovedate feeling. aperture n. Hole. apex n.Th e highest point, as of a mountain. aphorism n. Proverb. apiary n. A place where bees are kept. apogee n. The climax. apology n. A disclaimer of intentional error or offense. apostasy n. A total departure from ones faith or religion. apostate adj. False. apostle n. Any messenger commissioned by or as by overlord authority. apothecary n. One who keeps drugs for sale and puts up prescriptions. apotheosis n. Deification. appall v. To fill with dismay or horror. apparent adj. Easily understood. apparition n. Ghost. appease v. To soothe by quieting anger or indignation. appellant adj. Capable of being appealed to. ppellation n. The name or title by which a special(a) person, class, or thing is called. append v. To add or attach, as something accessory, subordinate, or supplementary. appertain v. To belong, as by right, fitness, association, classification, possession, or natural relation. apposite adj. Appropriate. apposition n. The act of placing side by side, together, or in contact. appraise v. To estimate the specie value of. appreciable adj. Capable of being discerned by the senses or intellect. apprehend v. To make a prisoner of (a person) in the name of the law. apprehensible adj. Capable of being conceived. approbation n.Sanction. appropriate adj. Suitable for the purpose and circumstances. aqueduct n. A water-conduit, extraly one for supplying a community from a distance. aqueous adj. Of, pertaining to, or containing water. arbiter n. One chosen or appointed, by mutual consent of parties in dispute, to decide matters. arbitrary adj. Fixed or done capriciously. arbitrate v. To act or give judgment as umpire. arbor n. A tree. arborary adj. Of or pertaining to a tree or trees. ar pallscent adj. Having the nature of a tree. arboretum n. A botanic garden or place de voted to the cultivation of trees or shrubs. arboriculture n.The cultivation of trees or shrubs. colonnade n. A vaulted thoroughfare or street a roofed passageway having shops, etc. , opening from it. archaic adj. Antiquated archaism n. Obsolescence. archangel n. An angel of high rank. archbishop n. The chief of the bishops of an ecclesiastical province in the Greek, Roman, and Anglican church. archdeacon n. A high de faith administrator of the affairs of a diocese. archaeology n. The branch of anthropology implicated with the placementatic investigation of the relics of man. archetype n. A prototype. archipelago n. Any large body of water studded with islands, or the islands collectively themselves. rdent adj. Burning with passion. ardor n. Intensity of passion or affection. arid adj. Very dry. aristocracy n. A hereditary nobility aristocrat n. A hereditary noble or one nearly connected with nobility. armada n. A fleet of war-vessels. armful n. As much as can be held in the arm or arms. armory n. An arsenal. aroma n. An agreeable odor. arraign v. To call into court, as a person indicted for crime, and demand whether he pleads guilty or not. arrange v. To put in defin ite or proper order. arrangement n. The act of putting in proper order, or the state of being put in order. arrant adj. notoriously bad. arrear n.Something overdue and unpaid. arrival n. A coming to stopping-place or destination. arrogant adj. Unduly or excessively proud, as of wealth, station, learning, etc. arrogate v. To take, demand, or claim, especially presumptuously or without reasons or grounds. Artesian well n. A very deep bored well. water rises due to underground pressure artful adj. Characterized by craft or cunning. Arthurian adj. Pertaining to King Arthur, the real or legendary hero of British poetic story. cunning n. Trickery. artless adj. Ingenuous. ascendant adj. Dominant. ascension n. The act of rising. ascent n. A rising, soaring, or climbing. ascetic adj.Given to stark(a) self-denial and practicing excessive abstinence and devotion. ascribe v. To assign as a spirit or attribute. apomictic adj. Having no distinct sexual organs. ashen adj. Pale. askance adv. Wi th a side or indirect glance or meaning. asperity n. Harshness or roughness of temper. aspirant n. One who seeks dearly, as for advancement, honors, place. aspiration n. An earnest wish for that which is above ones present reach. aspire v. To have an earnest desire, wish, or longing, as for something high and good, not yet attained. assailant n. One who attacks. assassin n. One who kills, or tries to kill, treacherously or secretly. ssassinate v. To kill, as by surprise or secret assault, especially the killing of some eminent person. assassination n. Murderer, as by secret assault or treachery. assay n. The chemical analysis or testing of an alloy ore. enter v. To express agreement with a statement or matter of opinion. assess v. To determine the amount of (a tax or other sum to be paid). assessor n. An officer whose duty it is to assess taxes. assets n. pl. Property in general, regarded as applicable to the payment of debts. assiduous adj. Diligent. assignee n. One who is appoin ted to act for another in the focusing of certain airscrew and interests. ssimilate v. To adapt. assonance n. Resemblance or correspondence in sound. assonant adj. Having resemblance of sound. rime v. To accord in sound, especially vowel sound. assuage v. To cause to be less harsh, violent, or severe, as excitement, appetite, pain, or disease. astringent adj. Harsh in disposition or character. astute adj. Keen in discernment. atheism n. The denial of the existence of God. athirst adj. Wanting water. athwart adv. From side to side. atomizer n. An apparatus for reducing a liquid to a fine spray, as for disinfection, inhalation, etc. atone v. To make amends for. atonement n.Amends, reparation, or expiation made from wrong or injury. atrocious adj. Outrageously or wantonly wicked, criminal, vile, or cruel. inhumaneness n. Great cruelty or reckless wickedness. attache n. A subordinate member of a diplomatic em sea bassy. attest v. To certify as accurate, genuine, or true. attorney- general n. The chief law-officer of a government. auburn adj. Reddish-brown, said usually of the hair. avant-garde adj. Fearless. audible adj. Loud enough to be heard. audition n. The act or sensation of hearing. auditory adj. Of or pertaining to hearing or the organs or sense of hearing. augment v. To make bigger. augur v.To predict. Augustinian adj. Pertaining to St. Augustine, his school of thoughts, or the spiritual orders called after him. aura n. Pervasive psychic influence supposed to emanate from persons aural adj. Of or pertaining to the ear. atrial auricle n. One of the both chambers of the heart which receives the blood from the veins. auricular adj. Of or pertaining to the ear, its auricle, or the sense of hearing. auriferous adj. Containing gold. aurora n. A luminous phenomenon in the upper regions of the atmosphere. auspice n. favoring, protecting, or propitious influence or guidance. desolate adj. Severely simple unadorned. autarchy n.Unrestricted power. authent ic adj. Of undisputed origin. authenticity n. The state or fictional character of being genuine, or of the origin and authorship claimed. autobiography n. The story of ones life written by himself. autarky n. Absolute government. autocrat n. Any one who claims or wields unrestricted or undisputed authority or influence. automaton n. Any living being whose actions are or appear to be involuntary or mechanical. autonomous adj. Self-governing. autonomy n. Self-government. autopsy n. The examination of a dead body by dissection to ascertain the cause of death. autumnal adj. Of or pertaining to autumn. auxiliary n.One who or that which aids or helps, especially when regarded as subordinate or accessory. avalanche n. The fall or sliding of a mass of snow or ice down a mountain-slope, often bearing with it rock. avarice n. Passion for getting and keeping riches. aver v. To assert as a fact. averse adj. Reluctant. aversion n. A mental condition of fixed opposition to or dislike of some p articular thing. avert v. To turn away or aside. aviary n. A wide cage or enclosure in which live birds are kept. avidity n. Greediness. avocation n. Diversion. avow v. To assign openly. awaken v. To arouse, as emotion, interest, or the like. awry adv. & adj.Out of the proper form, direction, or position. aye adv. An expression of assent. azalea n. A rash shrub. azure n. The color of the sky. Baconian adj. Of or pertaining to Lord Bacon or his system of philosophy. bacterium n. A microbe. badger v. To pester. foul up v. To foil or frustrate. bailiff n. An officer of court having custody of prisoners under arraignment. baize n. A single-colored napped woolen material used for table-covers, curtains, etc. bale n. A large package inclined(p) for transportation or storage. grim adj. Malignant. ballad n. Any popular narrative poem, often with epic subject and usually in run-in form. balsam n.A medical preparation, aromatic and oily, used for healing. banal adj. Commonplace. barca role n. A boat-song of Venetian gondoliers. barograph n. An instrument that registers diagrammatically and continuously the atmospheric pressure. barometer n. An instrument for indicating the atmospheric pressure per unit of sur side of meat. barring prep. Apart from. baritone adj. Having a register higher than bass and lower than tenor. bask v. To make warm by genial heat. bass adj. Low in tone or compass. baste v. To cover with melted fat, gravy, while cooking. baton n. An official staff borne either as a weapon or as an emblem of authority or privilege. attalion n. A body of infantry composed of two or more companies, forming a part of a regiment. batten n. A narrow plunder of wood. batter n. A thick liquid mixture of two or more materials beaten together, to be used in cookery. bauble n. A trinket. bawl v. To predicate by outcry. beatify v. To make supremely happy. beatitude n. Any state of great happiness. beau n. An construe or lover. becalm v. To make quiet. beck v. To gi ve a signal to, by nod or gesture. bedaub v. To dapple over, as with something oily or sticky. bedeck v. To cover with ornament. bedlam n. Madhouse. befog v. To confuse. befriend v.To be a friend to, especially when in need. beget v. To produce by sexual generation. begrudge v. To enviousness one of the possession of. belate v. To delay past the proper hour. belay v. To make fast, as a rope, by eddy round a cleat. belie v. To misrepresent. believe v. To accept as true on the attestation or authority of others. belittle v. To disparage. belle n. A woman who is a center of attraction because of her beauty, accomplishments, etc. battleful adj. Warlike. belligerent adj. Manifesting a warlike spirit. bemoan v. To lament benediction n. a solemn invocation of the divine blessing. benefactor n.A doer of kindly and charitable acts. benefice n. A church office gift with funds or property for the maintenance of divine service. beneficent adj. Characterized by charity and kindness. benefi cial adj. Helpful. benefactive role n. One who is lawfully entitled to the profits and proceeds of an estate or property. benefit n. Helpful result. benefaction n. Any act of kindness or well-doing. benevolent adj. Loving others and actively desirous of their well-being. benign adj. Good and kind of heart. benignant adj. Benevolent in feeling, character, or aspect. benignity n. Kindness of feeling, disposition, or manner. benison n.Blessing. bequeath v. To give by will. bereave v. To make desolate with loneliness and grief. berth n. A bunk or bed in a vessel, sleeping-car, etc. beseech v. To implore. beset v. To attack on all sides. besmear v. To smear over, as with any oily or sticky substance. bestial adj. Animal. bestrew v. To sprinkle or cover with things strewn. bestride v. To get or sit upon astride, as a horse. bethink v. To remind oneself. betide v. To devolve to or befall. betimes adv. In good season or time. betroth v. To engage to marry. betrothal n. elaboration to mar ry. bevel n. Any inclination of two surfaces other than 90 degrees. ewilder v. To confuse the perceptions or judgment of. bibliomania n. The passion for collecting books. bibliography n. A list of the words of an author, or the literature bearing on a particular subject. bibliophile n. One who loves books. bibulous adj. Fond of drinking. bide v. To await. biennial n. A plant that produces leaves and roots the first year and flowers and fruit the second. bier n. A horizontal framework with two handles at each end for carrying a corpse to the grave. bigamist n. One who has two spouses at the same time. bigamy n. The crime of marrying any other person while having a legal spouse living. ight n. A slightly receding bay between headlands, formed by a long curve of a coast-line. bilateral adj. Two-sided. bilingual adj. Speaking two languages. biograph n. A bibliographic sketch or notice. biography n. A written account of ones life, actions, and character. biology n. The science of life or living organisms. biped n. An animal having two feet. birthright n. A privilege or possession into which one is born. bitterness n. Acridity, as to the taste. blase adj. Sated with pleasure. blaspheme v. To indulge in profane oaths. blatant adj. Noisily or offensively loud or clamorous. blaze n. A vivid glowing flame. lazon v. To make widely or generally known. bleak adj. Desolate. blemish n. A mark that mars beauty. blithe adj. Joyous. blithesome adj. Cheerful. blockade n. The shut up of a town, a frontier, or a line of coast by hostile forces. bosun n. A subordinate officer of a vessel, who has general charge of the rigging, anchors, etc. bodice n. A womens decorative corset-shaped entwine waist. bodily adj. Corporeal. boisterous adj. Unchecked merriment or animal spirits. bole n. The trunk or body of a tree. bolero n. A Spanish dance, illustrative of the passion of love, accompanied by caste nets and singing. boll n.A round pod or seed-capsule, as a flax or cotton. bolster v . To support, as something wrong. bomb n. A holla projectile containing an explosive material. bombard v. To assail with any missile or with abusive speech. bombardier n. A person who has charge of mortars, bombs, and shells. bombast n. Inflated or extravagant language, especially on unimportant subjects. boorish adj. Rude. bore v. To weary by tediousness or dullness. borough n. An incorporated village or town. bosom n. The breast or the upper front of the thorax of a human being, especially of a woman. botanical adj. Connected with the determine or cultivation of plants. botanize v.To study plant-life. botany n. The science that treats of plants. bountiful adj. demonstrate abundance. Bowdlerize v. To castrate in editing (a literary composition) by omitting words or passages. bowler n. In cricket, the player who delivers the ball. boycott v. To place the products or merchandise of under a ban. brae n. Hillside. braggart n. A vain boaster. brandish v. To wave, shake, or flourish triumphantly or defiantly, as a sword or spear. bravado n. An vulturous pomposity of boldness. bravo interj. Well done. bray n. A loud harsh sound, as the cry of an ass or the blast of a horn. braze v. To make of or ornament with brass. razier n. An open pan or privy for holding live coals. breach n. The violation of official duty, lawful right, or a legal obligation. surf n. One who trains horses, dogs, etc. breech n. The buttocks. brethren n. pl. Members of a brotherhood, gild, profession, association, or the like. brevity n. Shortness of duration. bric-a-brac n. Objects of curiosity or for decoration. bridle n. The head-harness of a horse consisting of a head-stall, a bit, and the reins. brigade n. A body of troops consisting of two or more regiments. brigadier n. General officer who commands a brigade, ranking between a colonel and a major-general. rigand n. One who lives by robbery and plunder. brimstone n. Sulfur. brine n. Water saturated with salt. bristle n. One of the co arse, fuddled hairs of swine used in brush-making, etc. Britannia n. The United Kingdom of Great Britain. Briticism n. A word, idiom, or phrase mark of Great Britain or the British. brittle adj. Fragile. broach v. To mention, for the first time. broadcast adj. Disseminated far and wide. brogan n. A coarse, grave shoe. brogue n. Any dialectic pronunciation of English, especially that of the Irish plenty. brokerage n. The business of making gross sales and purchases for a commission a broker. romine n. A dark reddish-brown, non-metallic liquid element with a suffocating odor. bronchitis n. fervency of the bronchial tubes. bronchus n. Either of the two subdivisions of the trachea conveying air into the lungs. brooch n. An article of jewellery fastened by a hinged pin and hook on the underside. brotherhood n. Spiritual or social fellowship or solidarity. browbeat v. To overwhelm, or attempt to do so, by stern, haughty, or rude mastermind or manner. brusque adj. Somewhat rough or rude in manner or speech. buffoon n. A clown. buffoonery n. Low drollery, coarse jokes, etc. bulbous adj. Of, or pertaining to, or like a bulb. ullock n. An ox. bulrush n. Any one of various tall rush-like plants growing in damp ground or water. bulwark n. Anything that gives security or defense. bumper n. A cup or glass filled to the brim, especially one to be drunk as a toast or health. bumptious adj. Full of offensive and aggressive self-conceit. bungle v. To execute clumsily. buoyancy n. Power or tendency to float on or in a liquid or gas. buoyant adj. Having the power or tendency to float or keep afloat. bureau n. A chest of drawers for fabricing, etc. bureaucracy n. Government by departments of men transacting particular branches of public business. urgess n. In colonial times, a member of the lower house of the legislature of Maryland or Virginia. burgher n. An inhabitant, citizen or freeman of a borough burgh, or corporate town. burnish v. To make brilliant or shining. burs ar n. A treasurer. bustle v. To hurry. butt v. To strike with or as with the head, or horns. butte n. A apparent hill, low mountain, or natural turret, generally isolated. buttress n. Any support or prop. by-law n. A rule or law adopted by an association, a corporation, or the like. cabal n. A number of persons secretly unite for effecting by intrigue some private purpose. cabalism n.Superstitious devotion to ones religion. cabinet n. The body of men constituting the official advisors of the executive head of a nation. cacophony n. A disagreeable, harsh, or discordant sound or combination of sounds or tones. cadaverous adj. Resembling a corpse. cadence n. Rhythmical or measured flow or movement, as in poetry or the time and pace of marching troops. cadenza n. An embellishment or flourish, prepared or improvised, for a solo voice or instrument. caitiff adj. Cowardly. cajole v. To impose on or dupe by flattering speech. cajolery n. Delusive speech. calculable adj. That may be estima ted by reckoning. alculus n. A concretion formed in various parts of the body resembling a pebble in hardness. callosity n. The state of being hard and insensible. callow adj. Without experience of the world. calorie n. Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree centigrade. calumny n. Slander. Calvary n. The place where Christ was crucified. Calvinism n. The system of doctrine taught by John Calvin. Calvinize v. To teach or imbue with the doctrines of Calvinism. came n. A leaden sash-bar or grooved strip for fastening panes in stained-glass windows. cameo n. Any small engraved or carved work in relief. ampaign n. A complete series of connected military operations. Canaanite n. A member of one of the three tribes that dwelt in the land of Canaan, or western Palestine. canary adj. Of a bright but delicate yellow. candid adj. Straightforward. candor n. The quality of frankness or outspokenness. canine adj. Characteristic of a dog. canon n. Any rule o r law. cant v. To talk in a singsong, preaching tone with affected solemnity. cantata n. A choral composition. canto n. One of the divisions of an extended poem. cantonment n. The part of the town or district in which the troops are quartered. broad adj. Roomy. apillary n. A minute vessel having walls composed of a single layer of cells. capitulate v. To surrender or stipulate terms. caprice n. A whim. caption n. A heading, as of a chapter, section, document, etc. captious adj. Hypercritical. fascinate v. To fascinate, as by excellence. eloquence, or beauty. carcass n. The dead body of an animal. cardiac adj. Pertaining to the heart. cardinal adj. Of prime or special importance. caret n. A sign () placed below a line, indicating where omitted words, etc. , should be inserted. caricature n. a picture or description in which natural characteristics are exaggerated or distorted. arnage n. Massacre. carnal adj. Sensual. carnivorous adj. Eating or living on flesh. carouse v. To drink d eeply and in boisterous or jovial manner. carrion n. Dead and putrefying flesh. cartilage n. An elastic animal tissue of firm consistence. cartridge n. A charge for a firearm, or for blasting. caste n. The division of society on simulated grounds. castigate v. To punish. casual adj. Accidental, by chance. casualty n. A fatal or serious accident or disaster. cataclysm n. Any overpowering flood of water. cataract n. Opacity of the lens of the eye resulting in complete or partial blindness. catastrophe n.Any great and sudden misfortune or calamity. cathode n. The negative pole or electrode of a galvanic battery. universality n. The system, doctrine, and practice of the Roman Catholic Church. catholicity n. Universal prevalence or acceptance. cat-o-nine-tails n. An instrument consisting of nine pieces of cord, at once used for flogging in the soldiers and navy. caucus n. A private meeting of members of a semipolitical party to select candidates. causal adj. Indicating or expressing a cause. caustic adj. Sarcastic and severe. cauterize v. To burn or sear as with a heated iron. cede v. To pass title to. censor n.An official inspector of manuscripts empowered to prohibit their publication. censorious adj. Judging severely or harshly. census n. An official numbering of the people of a country or district. centenary adj. Pertaining to a hundred years or a terminus of a hundred years. centiliter n. A hundredth of a liter. centimeter n. A length of one hundredth of a meter. centurion n. A captain of a company of one hundred infantry in the ancient Roman army. cereal adj. Pertaining to edible grain or farinaceous seeds. ceremonial adj. Characterized by outward form or ceremony. ceremonious adj. Observant of ritual. cessation n.Discontinuance, as of action or motion. cession n. Surrender, as of possessions or rights. chagrin n. Keen vexation, annoyance, or mortification, as at ones failures or errors. chameleon adj. Changeable in appearance. chancery n. A court of eq uity, as distinguished from a common-law court. chaos n. Any condition of which the elements or parts are in utter disorder and confusion. characteristic n. A distinctive feature. characterize v. To describe by distinctive marks or peculiarities. charlatan n. A quack. chasm n. A yawning hollow, as in the earths surface. chasten v. To purify by affliction. chastise v.To subject to punitive measures. chastity n. Sexual or moral chastity. chateau n. A castle or manor-house. chattel n. Any article of personal property. check v. To hold back. chiffon n. A very thin gauze used for trimmings, evening dress, etc. chivalry n. The knightly system of feudal times with its code, usages and practices. cholera n. An acute epidemic disease. choleric adj. Easily provoked to anger. choral adj. Pertaining to, mean for, or performed by a chorus or choir. Christ n. A title of Jesus baptize v. To name in baptism. Christendom n. That part of the world where Christianity is generally professed. chromati c adj.Belonging, relating to, or abounding in color. chronology n. The science that treats of computation of time or of investigation and arrangement of events. chronometer n. A portable timekeeper of the highest attainable precision. imagine v. To calculate arithmetically. (also a noun meaning zero or nothing) circulate v. To disseminate. circumference n. The boundary-line of a circle. circumlocution n. corroboratory or roundabout expression. circumnavigate v. To sail quite around. circumscribe v. To confine within bounds. circumspect adj. Showing watchfulness, caution, or careful consideration. citadel n. Any strong fortress. ite v. To refer to specifically. claimant n. One who makes a claim or demand, as of right. clairvoyance n. Intuitive sagacity or perception. clamorous adj. Urgent in complaint or demand. clan n. A tribe. clandestine adj. Surreptitious. clangor n. Clanking or a ringing, as of arms, chains, or bells clamor. crystallise v. To render intelligible. clarion n. A small shrill trumpet or bugle. classify v. To arrange in a class or classes on the basis of observed resemblances and differences. clearance n. A certificate from the proper authorities that a vessel has complied with the law and may sail. clemency n. Mercy. clement adj.Compassionate. close adj. Having the sails set for sailing as close to the wind as possible. clothier n. One who makes or sells cloth or clothing. clumsy adj. Awkward of movement. coagulate v. To change into a clot or a jelly, as by heat, by chemical action, or by a ferment. coagulant adj. Producing coagulation. coalescence n. The act or subprogram of coming together so as to form one body, combination, or product. coalition n. faction in a body or mass. coddle v. To treat as a baby or an invalid. codicil n. A supplement adding to, revoking, or explaining in the body of a will. coerce v. To force. coercion n.Forcible constraint or restraint, moral or physical. coercive adj. Serving or tending to force. cogent ad j. Appealing powerfully to the reason or conscience. cognate adj. Akin. cognizant adj. Taking notice. cohere v. To stick together. cohesion n. Consistency. cohesive adj. Having the property of consistency. coincide v. To correspond. coincidence n. A circumstance so agreeing with another often implying accident. coincident adj. Taking place at the same time. collaborate v. To labor or cooperate with another or others, especially in literary or scientific pursuits. collapse v. To cause to shrink, fall in, or fail. ollapsible adj. That may or can collapse. colleague n. An associate in professional employment. collective adj. Consisting of a number of persons or objects considered as collected into a mass, or sum. collector n. One who makes a collection, as of objects of art, books, or the like. collegian n. A college student. conflict v. To meet and strike violently. collier n. One who works in a coal-mine. collision n. Violent contact. colloquial adj. Pertaining or peculiar to comm on speech as distinguished from literary. colloquialism n. Form of speech used only or chiefly in conversation. colloquy n. Conversation. collusion n.A secret agreement for a wrongful purpose. colossus n. Any strikingly great person or object. comely adj. Handsome. comestible adj. oblige to be eaten. comical adj. Funny. commemorate v. To serve as a remembrance of. commentary n. A series of illustrative or explanatory notes on any important work. commingle v. To blend. commissariat n. The department of an army charged with the provision of its food and water and daily needs. commission v. To empower. commitment n. The act or process of entrusting or consigning for safe-keeping. committal n. The act, fact, or result of committing, or the state of being commodity n.Something that is bought and sold. commotion n. A disturbance or violent agitation. commute v. To put something, especially something less severe, in place of. alike(p) adj. Fit to be compared. comparative adj. Relative. c omparison n. Examination of two or more objects with reference to their likeness or unlikeness. compensate v. To remunerate. competence n. Adequate qualification or capacity. competent adj. Qualified. competitive adj. characterized by rivalry. contention n. A rival. complacence n. Satisfaction with ones acts or surroundings. complacent adj. Pleased or satisfied with oneself. complaisance n. Politeness. omplaisant adj. Agreeable. complement v. To make complete. complex adj. Complicated. compliant adj. Yielding. complicate v. To make complex, difficult, or hard to deal with. complication n. An intermingling or combination of things or parts, especially in a perplexing manner. complicity n. Participation or partnership, as in wrong-doing or with a wrong-doer. compliment v. To address or gratify with expressions of delicate praise. component n. A member element or part. comport v. To conduct or behave (oneself). composure n. Calmness. comprehensible adj. Intelligible. comprehension n . top executive to know. comprehensive adj.Large in scope or content. compress v. To press together or into littler space. compressible adj. Capable of being pressed into smaller compass. compression n. Constraint, as by force or authority. comprise v. To consist of. compulsion n. Coercion. compulsory adj. Forced. compunction n. Remorseful feeling. compute v. To ascertain by mathematical calculation. concede v. To surrender. conceit n. Self-flattering opinion. conceive v. To form an idea, mental image or thought of. concerto n. A musical composition. concession n. Anything granted or yielded, or admitted in response to a demand, petition, or claim. conciliate v.To support the friendship of. conciliatory adj. Tending to reconcile. conclusive adj. Sufficient to convince or decide. concord n. Harmony. concordance n. Harmony. co-occur v. To agree. concurrence n. Agreement. concurrent adj. Occurring or acting together. concussion n. A violent shock to some organ by a fall or a sudden blow. condensation n. The act or process of making dense or denser. condense v. To abridge. condescend v. To come down voluntarily to equal terms with inferiors. condolence n. Expression of sympathy with a person in pain, sorrow, or misfortune. conduce v. To bring about. contributory adj. Contributing to an end. onductible adj. Capable of being conducted or transmitted. conduit n. A means for conducting something, particularly a tube, pipe, or passageway for a fluid. confectionery n. The candy collectively that a confectioner makes or sells, as candy. confederacy n. A number of states or persons in compact or league with each other, as for mutual aid. pardner n. One who is united with others in a league, compact, or agreement. confer v. To bestow. conferee n. A person with whom another confers. confessor n. A spiritual advisor. confidant n. One to whom secrets are entrusted. confide v. To reveal in trust or self-reliance. confidence n.The state or feeling of trust in or reliance upon another. confident adj. Assured. confinement n. barricade within limits or boundaries. confiscate v. To appropriate (private property) as forfeited to the public use or treasury. perdition n. A great fire, as of many buildings, a forest, or the like. confluence n. The place where streams meet. confluent n. A stream that unites with another. conformance n. The act or state or conforming. conformable adj. Harmonious. conformation n. General structure, form, or outline. conformity n. Correspondence in form, manner, or use. confront v. To encounter, as difficulties or obstacles. ongeal v. To coagulate. congenial adj. Having kindred character or tastes. congest v. To collect into a mass. congregate v. To bring together into a crowd. coniferous adj. coniferous trees. conjecture n. A guess. conjoin v. To unite. conjugal adj. Pertaining to marriage, marital rights, or married persons. conjugate adj. Joined together in pairs. conjugation n. The state or condition of being joined toget her. conjunction n. The state of being joined together, or the things so joined. connive v. To be in collusion. connoisseur n. A critical judge of art, especially one with thorough knowledge and sound judgment of art. onnote v. To mean signify. connubial adj. Pertaining to marriage or matrimony. conquer v. To overcome by force. consanguineous adj. Descended from the same parent or ancestor. conscience n. The faculty in man by which he distinguishes between right and wrong in character and conduct. conscientious adj. Governed by moral standard. conscious adj. Aware that one lives, feels, and thinks. conscript v. To force into military service. consecrate v. To set obscure as sacred. consecutive adj. Following in uninterrupted succession. consensus n. A collective unanimous opinion of a number of persons. conservatism n.Tendency to adhere to the existing order of things. conservative adj. Adhering to the existing order of things. hothouse n. An institution for instruction and trainin g in music and declamation. consign v. To entrust. consignee n. A person to whom goods or other property has been entrusted. consignor n. One who entrusts. consistency n. A state of permanence. console v. To comfort. consolidate v. To combine into one body or system. consonance n. The state or quality of being in accord with. conformable adj. Being in agreement or harmony with. consort n. A companion or associate. conspicuous adj. Clearly visible. conspirator n.One who agrees with others to cooperate in accomplishing some unlawful purpose. conspire v. To plot. constable n. An officer whose duty is to maintain the heartsease. constellation n. An arbitrary assemblage or group of stars. consternation n. Panic. constituency n. The inhabitants or voters in a district represented in a legislative body. constituent n. One who has the right to vote at an election. constrict v. To bind. consul n. An officer appointed to reside in a foreign city, chiefly to represent his country. consulate n . The place in which a consul transacts official business. consummate v. To bring to completion. onsumption n. Gradual destruction, as by burning, eating, etc. , or by using up, wearing out, etc. consumptive adj. Designed for gradual destruction. contagion n. The communication of disease from person to person. contagious adj. Transmitting disease. contaminate v. To pollute. contemplate v. To consider thoughtfully. contemporaneous adj. Living, occurring, or existing at the same time. contemporary adj. Living or existing at the same time. contemptible adj. meet of scorn or disdain. contemptuous adj. Disdainful. contender n. One who exerts oneself in opposition or rivalry. contiguity n. Proximity. neighboring adj.Touching or joining at the edge or boundary. continence n. Self-restraint with respect to desires, appetites, and passion. contingence n. Possibility of happening. contingent adj. Not predictable. continuance n. Permanence. continuation n. Prolongation. continuity n. Uninte rrupted connection in space, time, operation, or development. continuous adj. Connected, extended, or prolonged without separation or interruption of sequence. contort v. To twist into a misrepresented form. contraband n. Trade forbidden by law or treaty. contradiction n. The assertion of the opposite of that which has been said. strange adj.Inconsistent with itself. contraposition n. A placing opposite. contravene v. To prevent or obstruct the operation of. contribution n. The act of giving for a common purpose. contributor n. One who gives or furnishes, in common with others, for a common purpose. rueful adj. Broken in spirit because of a sense of sin. contrivance n. The act planning, devising, inventing, or adapting something to or for a special purpose. contrive v. To manage or carry through by some device or scheme. control v. To exercise a directing, restraining, or governing influence over. controller n. One who or that which regulates or directs. ontumacious adj. Rebellio us. contumacy n. Contemptuous disregard of the requirements of rightful authority. contuse v. To bruise by a blow, either with or without the gaolbreak of the skin. contusion n. A bruise. convalesce v. To recover after a sickness. convalescence n. The state of progressive redevelopment to health and strength after the cessation of disease. convalescent adj. Recovering health after sickness. convene v. To rag or cause to assemble. convenience n. Fitness, as of time or place. converge v. To cause to incline and approach nearer together. convergent adj. Tending to one point. conversant adj.Thoroughly informed. conversion n. Change from one state or position to another, or from one form to another. convertible adj. Interchangeable. convex adj. Curving like the incision of the globe or of the surface of a circle. conveyance n. That by which anything is transported. convivial adj. Devoted to feasting, or to good-fellowship in eating or drinking. convolution n. A winding motion. convol ve v. To move with a circling or winding motion. convoy n. A protecting force accompanying property in course of transportation. convulse v. To cause spasms in. convulsion n. A violent and abnormal muscular contraction of the body. opious adj. Plenteous. coquette n. A flirt. cornice n. An ornamental molding running round the walls of a room close to the ceiling. cornucopia n. The horn of plenty, symbolizing peace and prosperity. corollary n. A proposition following so obviously from another that it requires little demonstration. coronation n. The act or ceremony of crowning a monarch. coronet n. Inferior crown denoting, according to its form, various degrees of noble rank less than sovereign. corporal adj. Belonging or relating to the body as opposed to the mind. corporate adj. Belonging to a corporation. corporal adj. Of a material nature physical. orps n. A number or body of persons in some way associated or acting together. corpse n. A dead body. corpulent adj. Obese. corpuscle n. A minute particle of matter. correlate v. To put in some relation of connection or correspondence. correlative adj. Mutually involving or implying one another. corrigible adj. Capable of reformation. corroborate v. To strengthen, as proof or conviction. corroboration n. Confirmation. corrode v. To break up or destroy little by little. corrosion n. Gradual decay by crumbling or surface disintegration. corrosive n. That which causes gradual decay by crumbling or surface disintegration. orruptible adj. Open to bribery. corruption n. Loss of purity or integrity. cosmetic adj. Pertaining to the art of beautifying, especially the complexion. cosmic adj. Pertaining to the universe. cosmogony n. A doctrine of creation or of the origin of the universe. cosmography n. The science that describes the universe, including astronomy, geography, and geology. cosmology n. The general science of the universe. cosmopolite adj. Common to all the world. cosmopolitanism n. A cosmopolitan character. cosmos n. The world or universe considered as a system, perfect in order and arrangement. counter-claim n.A cross-demand alleged by a defendant in his favor against the plaintiff. counteract v. To act in opposition to. counterbalance v. To oppose with an equal force. countercharge v. To accuse in return. counterfeit adj. Made to resemble something else. counterpart n. Something taken with another for the completion of either. countervail v. To offset. counting-house n. A house or office used for transacting business, bookkeeping, correspondence, etc. ruralist n. A rustic. courageous adj. Brave. course n. Line of motion or direction. courser n. A fleet and enlivened horse. courtesy n. Politeness originating in kindness and exercised habitually. ovenant n. An agreement entered into by two or more persons or parties. covert adj. Concealed, especially for an evil purpose. covey n. A flock of quails or partridges. cower v. To crouch down tremblingly, as through fear or shame. coxswain n. One who steers a rowboat, or one who has charge of a ships boat and its crew under an officer. crag n. A rugged, rocky projection on a cliff or ledge. cranium n. The skull of an animal, especially that part enclosing the brain. crass adj. Coarse or thick in nature or structure, as opposed to thin or fine. craving n. A vehement desire. noise n. A sharp, harsh, squeaking sound. creamery n.A butter-making establishment. creamy adj. Resembling or containing cream. credence n. Belief. credible adj. Believable. credulous adj. Easily deceived. creed n. A formal summary of fundamental points of religious belief. crematory adj. A place for cremating dead bodies. crevasse n. A deep crack or fissure in the ice of a glacier. crevice n. A small fissure, as between two contiguous surfaces. criterion n. A standard by which to determine the appropriateness of a judgment or conclusion. critique n. A criticism or critical review. crockery n. Earthenware made from baked clay. crucible n. A trying and purifying test or agency. rusade n. Any concerted movement, smartly prosecuted, in behalf of an idea or principle. crustacean adj. Pertaining to a division of arthropods, containing lobsters, crabs, crawfish, etc. crustaceous adj. Having a crust-like shell. cryptography n. Anything written in characters that are secret or so arranged as to have hide meaning. crystallize v. To bring together or give fixed shape to. cudgel n. A short thick stick used as a club. culinary adj. Of or pertaining to cooking or the kitchen. pull v. To pick or sort out from the rest. culpable adj. Guilty. culprit n. A guilty person. culvert n.Any artificial covered channel for the passage of water through a bank or under a road, canal. cupidity n. Avarice. curable adj. Capable of being remedied or corrected. curator n. A person having charge as of a library or museum. curio n. A piece of bric-a-brac. cursive adj. Writing in which the letters are joined together. cursory adj. Rapid and superficial. c urt adj. Concise, compressed, and abrupt in act or expression. cut short v. To cut off or cut short. curtsy n. A downward movement of the body by bending the knees. cycloid adj. Like a circle. cygnet n. A young swan. cynical adj. Exhibiting moral skepticism. cynicism n.Contempt for the opinions of others and of what others value. cynosure n. That to which general interest or attention is directed. daring adj. Brave. darkling adv. Blindly. Darwinism n. The doctrine that natural selection has been the prime cause of evolution of higher forms. dastard n. A base coward. datum n. A premise, starting-point, or given fact. braw adj. Fearless. day-man n. A day-laborer. dead-heat n. A race in which two or more competitors come out even, and there is no winner. dearth n. Scarcity, as of something customary, essential ,or desirable. deaths-head n. A human skull as a symbol of death. ebase v. To lower in character or virtue. debatable adj. Subject to contention or dispute. debonair adj. Havin g gentle or courteous bearing or manner. debut n. A first appearance in society or on the stage. decagon n. A figure with ten sides and ten angles. decagram n. A weight of 10 grams. dekaliter n. A liquid and dry measure of 10 liters. decalogue n. The ten commandments. Decameron n. A volume consisting of ten parts or books. decameter n. A length of ten meters. decamp v. To leave suddenly or unexpectedly. decapitate v. To behead. decapod adj. Ten-footed or ten-armed. decasyllable n. A line of ten syllables. eceit n. Falsehood. deceitful adj. Fraudulent. deceive v. To mislead by or as by falsehood. decency n. Moral fitness. decent adj. Characterized by propriety of conduct, speech, manners, or dress. deciduous adj. Falling off at maturity as petals after flowering, fruit when ripe, etc. decimal adj. Founded on the number 10. wipe out v. To destroy a measurable or large proportion of. decipher v. To find out the true words or meaning of, as something hardly legible. decisive ad. Conc lusive. declamation n. A speech recited or intend for recitation from memory in public. declamatory adj. A full and formal style of utterance. eclarative adj. Containing a formal, positive, or explicit statement or affirmation. declension n. The change of endings in nouns and adj. to express their different relations of gender. pad v. To embellish. decorous adj. Suitable for the occasion or circumstances. decoy n. Anything that allures, or is intended to allures into danger or temptation. lame adj. Enfeebled, as by old age or some chronic infirmity. dedication n. The voluntary consecration or relinquishment of something to an end or cause. deduce v. To derive or draw as a conclusion by reasoning from given premises or principles. deface v.To mar or disfigure the face or external surface of. defalcate v. To cut off or take away, as a part of something. defamation n. Malicious and groundless injury done to the reputation or good name of another. defame v. To slander. default n. The neglect or omission of a